ВЛИЯНИЕ ПАНДЕМИИ COVID-19 НА ПРЕДСОРЕВНОВАТЕЛЬНУЮ ТРЕВОЖНОСТЬ У ТРЕНИРОВАННЫХ ТУРЕЦКИХ ВЕЛОСИПЕДИСТОВ
Ключевые слова:
велосипедист, соревновательная тревожность, COVID-19, пандемия
Аннотация
Аннотация. Целью данного исследования является оценка уровня предсоревновательной тревожности у турецких велосипедистов-представителей национальной сборной до и после пандемии COVID-19. Материалы и методы. В исследование вошли турецкие велосипедисты, участвующие в соревнованиях международного уровня. Всего в исследование вошел 31 спортсмен (средний возраст 18,25 ± 1,87 лет; средний рост 169,45 ± 7,73 см; средний вес 61,18 ± 6,59 кг). В исследовании использовалась турецкая версия теста спортивной соревновательной тревожности (SCAT), разработанного Райнером Мартенсом в 1977 году. Разница между социально-демографическими характеристиками и баллами тестирования SCAT определена с использованием однофакторного дисперсионного анализа (ANOVA). Статистическая значимость установлена на уровне р < 0,05. Результаты. Полученные данные указывают на небольшую разницу между показателями тревожности велосипедистов до и после пандемии, не обладающую статистической значимостью. Таким образом, пандемия не привела к статистическому увеличению тревожности велосипедистов. Кроме того, выявлено отсутствие достоверной разницы между уровнями предсоревновательной тревожности до и после пандемии по критериям пола, категории, экономического уровня, уровня образования, уровня образования матери, места жительства и специальности участников. Заключение. Установлено, что пандемия COVID-19 не оказала существенного влияния на предсоревновательную тревожность у тренированных велосипедистов. Таким образом, уровень соревновательной тревожности опытных спортсменов, занимающихся велоспортом не менее 6 лет, и вынужденная пассивность, вызванная периодом пандемии, не влияют на результативность спортсменов. Тем не менее, с учетом возможного затяжного характера пандемии исследования по данному вопросу должны быть продолжены в долгосрочной перспективе.
Литература
1. Akarcesme C. The Relationship Between Pre-Competition State Anxiety and Performance Criteria in Volleyball. Gazi University Health Science Institute, Master’s Thesis, Ankara. 2004.
2. Aleman K.B., Meyers M.C. Mountain Biking Injuries in Children and Adolescents. Sports Med., 2010, vol. 40 (1), pp. 77–90. DOI: 10.2165/11319640-000000000-00000 PMID: 20020788
3. Anderson R.M., Heesterbeek H., Klinkenberg D., Hollingsworth T.D. How will Country-Based Mitigation Measures Influence the Course of the COVID-19 Epidemic? The Lancet, 2020, vol. 395 (10228), pp. 931–934. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30567-5
4. Aşçı F.H., Koca C., Demirhan G., Dinç S.C. Precompetitive Anxiety and Affective State of Climbers in Indoor Climbing Competition. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 2006, vol. 102 (2), pp. 395–404. DOI: 10.2466/pms.102.2.395-404
5. Basaran M.H. Investigation of State and Trait Anxiety Levels in Athletes According to Some Variables. Selçuk University Health Science Institute Doctora Thesis, Konya, 2008.
6. Cangir S. Examining the State and Trait Anxiety Levels of Female Volleyball Players. Gelişim University Health Science Institute Master’s Thesis, İstanbul, 2019.
7. Chidley J.B., MacGregor A.L., Martin C. et al. Characteristics Explaining Performance in Downhill Mountain Biking. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 2015, vol. 10 (2), pp. 183–190. DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2014-0135 PMID: 25010645
8. Corsini A., Bisciotti G.N., Eirale C., Volpi P. Football Cannot Restart Soon During the COVID-19 Emergency! A Critical Perspective from the Italian Experience and a Call for Action. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 2020. DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2020-102306
9. Cremades J.G., Wiggins M.S. Direction and Intensity of Trait Anxiety as Predictors of Burn out Among Collegiate Athletes. Athletic Insight – The Online Journal of Sport Psychology, 2008, vol. 10 (2).
10. Demirli A. Comparison of the Situation Anxiety Levels of Elite Wrestlers Before and After the Competition. Bartın University, Education Science Institute, Master’s Thesis, Bartın. 2017.
11. Earnest C.P., Jurca R., Church T. et al. Relation Between Physical Exertion and Heart Rate Variability Characteristics in Professional Cyclists During the Tour of Spain. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 2004, vol. 38 (5), pp. 568–575. DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.2003.005140 PMID: 15388541
12. Gelen M., Eler S., Eler N. Detraining: COVID-19 and High Level Performance. Journal of National Education, 2020, vol. 49 (227), pp. 447–464.
13. Jukic I., Calleja-González J., Cos F. et al. Strategies and Solutions for Team Sports Athletes in Isolation due to COVID-19. Sports, 2020. DOI: 10.3390/sports8040056
14. Khan Z., Haider Z., Ahmad N., Khan S. Sports Achievement. Motivation and Sports Competition Anxiety: A Relationship Study. Journal of Education and Practice, 2011, vol. 2 (4).
15. Knechtle B. Relationship of Anthropometric and Training Characteristics with Race Performance in Endurance and Ultra-Endurance Athletes. Asian Journal of Sports Medicine, 2014, vol. 5 (2), p. 73. PMID: 25834701
16. Kocak U.Z., Ozer Kaya D. COVID-19 Pandemic, Sport, Athlete Triangle: Implications and Recommendations. Izmir Katip Celebi University, Faculty of Health Sciences Journal, 2020, vol. 5 (2), pp. 129–133.
17. Koruç Z., Kuter F., Yilmaz V. et al. (in press). The Adaptation of Adult Version of Sport Competition Anxiety Test to Turkey: SCAT-A. Hacettepe Journal of Sport Sciences.
18. Kurimay D., Pope-Rhodius A., Kondric M. The Relationship Between Stress and Coping in Table Tennis. Journal of Human Kinetics, 2017, vol. 55 (1), pp. 75–81. DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2017-0007
19. Lewinsohn P.M., Gotlib I.H., Lewinsohn M. et al. Gender Differences in Anxiety Disorders and Anxiety Symptoms in Adolescents. J Abnorm Psychol., 1998, vol. 107 (1), pp. 109–117. DOI: 10.1037/0021-843X.107.1.109
20. Martens R. Sports Competitive Anxiety Test. Champaign III: Human Kinetics, 1977. DOI: 10.1037/t27556-000
21. McCann S.C., Murphy S.M., Raedeke T.D. The Effect of Performance Setting and Individual Differences on the Anxiety-Performance Relationship for Elite Cyclists. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 1992, vol. 5 (2), pp. 177–187. DOI: 10.1080/10615809208250496
22. McEwen B.S. Protective and Damaging Effects of Stress Mediators. New England Journal of Medicine, 1998, vol. 338 (3), pp. 171–179. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199801153380307 PMID: 9428819
23. Nieman D.C. Coronavirus Disease-2019: a Tocsin to our Aging, Unfit, Corpulent, and Immunodeficient Society. J. Sport Health Science, 2020, pp. 2095–2546, 30060. DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs. 2020.05.001
24. Oliveira-Silva I., Silva V.A., Cunha R.M., Foster C. Autonomic Changes Induced by Pre-Competitive Stress in Cyclists in Relation to Physical Fitness and Anxiety. Plos One, 2018, vol. 13 (12), e0209834. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209834
25. Patil S.G., Mullur L.M., Khodnapur J.P. et al. Effect of Yoga on Short Term Heart Rate Variability Measure as a Stress Index in Subjunior Cyclists: A Pilot Study, 2013.
26. Roy-Davis K., Wadey R., Evans L. A Grounded Theory of Sport Injury-Related Growth. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 2017, vol. 6 (1), p. 35. DOI: 10.1037/spy0000080
27. Sangari M., Fotrousi F., Masrour F.F. Relationship Between Mental Skill and Competitive Anxiety in Female National Football Players. World Appl. Sci. J., 2012, vol. 20 (8), pp. 1175–1178. DOI: 10.5829/idosi.wasj.2012.20.08.2813
28. Singh V., Prakash S., Punia S. Relationship between Pre-Competition Anxiety and Performance Levels In Inter-University Women Football Teams. International Journal of Physical Education, Sports and Health, 2017, vol. 4 (5), pp. 136–139.
29. Singh V., Punia S. Measurement of Pre-Competition Anxiety in Women Football Players among Universities of Central Zone of India. International Journal of Physical Education, Sports and Health, 2017, vol. 4 (5), pp. 221–223.
30. Sperlich B., Achtzehn S., Buhr M. et al. Salivary Cortisol, Heart Rate, Andnblood Lactate Responses During Elite Downhill Mountain Bike Racing. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 2012, vol. 7 (1), pp. 47–52. PMID: 22461462 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.7.1.47
31. Timpka T. Sports Health During the SARS-Cov-2 Pandemic. Sports Medicine (Auckland, Nz), 2020, p. 1. DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01288-7
32. Wilson G.S., Raglin J.S., Pritchard M.E. Optimism, Pessimism and Pre-Competition Anxiety in College Athletes. Pers Individ Dif, 2002, vol. 32 (5), pp. 893–902. DOI: 10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00094-0
2. Aleman K.B., Meyers M.C. Mountain Biking Injuries in Children and Adolescents. Sports Med., 2010, vol. 40 (1), pp. 77–90. DOI: 10.2165/11319640-000000000-00000 PMID: 20020788
3. Anderson R.M., Heesterbeek H., Klinkenberg D., Hollingsworth T.D. How will Country-Based Mitigation Measures Influence the Course of the COVID-19 Epidemic? The Lancet, 2020, vol. 395 (10228), pp. 931–934. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30567-5
4. Aşçı F.H., Koca C., Demirhan G., Dinç S.C. Precompetitive Anxiety and Affective State of Climbers in Indoor Climbing Competition. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 2006, vol. 102 (2), pp. 395–404. DOI: 10.2466/pms.102.2.395-404
5. Basaran M.H. Investigation of State and Trait Anxiety Levels in Athletes According to Some Variables. Selçuk University Health Science Institute Doctora Thesis, Konya, 2008.
6. Cangir S. Examining the State and Trait Anxiety Levels of Female Volleyball Players. Gelişim University Health Science Institute Master’s Thesis, İstanbul, 2019.
7. Chidley J.B., MacGregor A.L., Martin C. et al. Characteristics Explaining Performance in Downhill Mountain Biking. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 2015, vol. 10 (2), pp. 183–190. DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2014-0135 PMID: 25010645
8. Corsini A., Bisciotti G.N., Eirale C., Volpi P. Football Cannot Restart Soon During the COVID-19 Emergency! A Critical Perspective from the Italian Experience and a Call for Action. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 2020. DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2020-102306
9. Cremades J.G., Wiggins M.S. Direction and Intensity of Trait Anxiety as Predictors of Burn out Among Collegiate Athletes. Athletic Insight – The Online Journal of Sport Psychology, 2008, vol. 10 (2).
10. Demirli A. Comparison of the Situation Anxiety Levels of Elite Wrestlers Before and After the Competition. Bartın University, Education Science Institute, Master’s Thesis, Bartın. 2017.
11. Earnest C.P., Jurca R., Church T. et al. Relation Between Physical Exertion and Heart Rate Variability Characteristics in Professional Cyclists During the Tour of Spain. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 2004, vol. 38 (5), pp. 568–575. DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.2003.005140 PMID: 15388541
12. Gelen M., Eler S., Eler N. Detraining: COVID-19 and High Level Performance. Journal of National Education, 2020, vol. 49 (227), pp. 447–464.
13. Jukic I., Calleja-González J., Cos F. et al. Strategies and Solutions for Team Sports Athletes in Isolation due to COVID-19. Sports, 2020. DOI: 10.3390/sports8040056
14. Khan Z., Haider Z., Ahmad N., Khan S. Sports Achievement. Motivation and Sports Competition Anxiety: A Relationship Study. Journal of Education and Practice, 2011, vol. 2 (4).
15. Knechtle B. Relationship of Anthropometric and Training Characteristics with Race Performance in Endurance and Ultra-Endurance Athletes. Asian Journal of Sports Medicine, 2014, vol. 5 (2), p. 73. PMID: 25834701
16. Kocak U.Z., Ozer Kaya D. COVID-19 Pandemic, Sport, Athlete Triangle: Implications and Recommendations. Izmir Katip Celebi University, Faculty of Health Sciences Journal, 2020, vol. 5 (2), pp. 129–133.
17. Koruç Z., Kuter F., Yilmaz V. et al. (in press). The Adaptation of Adult Version of Sport Competition Anxiety Test to Turkey: SCAT-A. Hacettepe Journal of Sport Sciences.
18. Kurimay D., Pope-Rhodius A., Kondric M. The Relationship Between Stress and Coping in Table Tennis. Journal of Human Kinetics, 2017, vol. 55 (1), pp. 75–81. DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2017-0007
19. Lewinsohn P.M., Gotlib I.H., Lewinsohn M. et al. Gender Differences in Anxiety Disorders and Anxiety Symptoms in Adolescents. J Abnorm Psychol., 1998, vol. 107 (1), pp. 109–117. DOI: 10.1037/0021-843X.107.1.109
20. Martens R. Sports Competitive Anxiety Test. Champaign III: Human Kinetics, 1977. DOI: 10.1037/t27556-000
21. McCann S.C., Murphy S.M., Raedeke T.D. The Effect of Performance Setting and Individual Differences on the Anxiety-Performance Relationship for Elite Cyclists. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 1992, vol. 5 (2), pp. 177–187. DOI: 10.1080/10615809208250496
22. McEwen B.S. Protective and Damaging Effects of Stress Mediators. New England Journal of Medicine, 1998, vol. 338 (3), pp. 171–179. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199801153380307 PMID: 9428819
23. Nieman D.C. Coronavirus Disease-2019: a Tocsin to our Aging, Unfit, Corpulent, and Immunodeficient Society. J. Sport Health Science, 2020, pp. 2095–2546, 30060. DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs. 2020.05.001
24. Oliveira-Silva I., Silva V.A., Cunha R.M., Foster C. Autonomic Changes Induced by Pre-Competitive Stress in Cyclists in Relation to Physical Fitness and Anxiety. Plos One, 2018, vol. 13 (12), e0209834. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209834
25. Patil S.G., Mullur L.M., Khodnapur J.P. et al. Effect of Yoga on Short Term Heart Rate Variability Measure as a Stress Index in Subjunior Cyclists: A Pilot Study, 2013.
26. Roy-Davis K., Wadey R., Evans L. A Grounded Theory of Sport Injury-Related Growth. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 2017, vol. 6 (1), p. 35. DOI: 10.1037/spy0000080
27. Sangari M., Fotrousi F., Masrour F.F. Relationship Between Mental Skill and Competitive Anxiety in Female National Football Players. World Appl. Sci. J., 2012, vol. 20 (8), pp. 1175–1178. DOI: 10.5829/idosi.wasj.2012.20.08.2813
28. Singh V., Prakash S., Punia S. Relationship between Pre-Competition Anxiety and Performance Levels In Inter-University Women Football Teams. International Journal of Physical Education, Sports and Health, 2017, vol. 4 (5), pp. 136–139.
29. Singh V., Punia S. Measurement of Pre-Competition Anxiety in Women Football Players among Universities of Central Zone of India. International Journal of Physical Education, Sports and Health, 2017, vol. 4 (5), pp. 221–223.
30. Sperlich B., Achtzehn S., Buhr M. et al. Salivary Cortisol, Heart Rate, Andnblood Lactate Responses During Elite Downhill Mountain Bike Racing. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 2012, vol. 7 (1), pp. 47–52. PMID: 22461462 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.7.1.47
31. Timpka T. Sports Health During the SARS-Cov-2 Pandemic. Sports Medicine (Auckland, Nz), 2020, p. 1. DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01288-7
32. Wilson G.S., Raglin J.S., Pritchard M.E. Optimism, Pessimism and Pre-Competition Anxiety in College Athletes. Pers Individ Dif, 2002, vol. 32 (5), pp. 893–902. DOI: 10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00094-0
2. Aleman K.B., Meyers M.C. Mountain Biking Injuries in Children and Adolescents. Sports Med., 2010, vol. 40 (1), pp. 77–90. DOI: 10.2165/11319640-000000000-00000 PMID: 20020788
3. Anderson R.M., Heesterbeek H., Klinkenberg D., Hollingsworth T.D. How will Country-Based Mitigation Measures Influence the Course of the COVID-19 Epidemic? The Lancet, 2020, vol. 395 (10228), pp. 931–934. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30567-5
4. Aşçı F.H., Koca C., Demirhan G., Dinç S.C. Precompetitive Anxiety and Affective State of Climbers in Indoor Climbing Competition. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 2006, vol. 102 (2), pp. 395–404. DOI: 10.2466/pms.102.2.395-404
5. Basaran M.H. Investigation of State and Trait Anxiety Levels in Athletes According to Some Variables. Selçuk University Health Science Institute Doctora Thesis, Konya, 2008.
6. Cangir S. Examining the State and Trait Anxiety Levels of Female Volleyball Players. Gelişim University Health Science Institute Master’s Thesis, İstanbul, 2019.
7. Chidley J.B., MacGregor A.L., Martin C. et al. Characteristics Explaining Performance in Downhill Mountain Biking. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 2015, vol. 10 (2), pp. 183–190. DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2014-0135 PMID: 25010645
8. Corsini A., Bisciotti G.N., Eirale C., Volpi P. Football Cannot Restart Soon During the COVID-19 Emergency! A Critical Perspective from the Italian Experience and a Call for Action. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 2020. DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2020-102306
9. Cremades J.G., Wiggins M.S. Direction and Intensity of Trait Anxiety as Predictors of Burn out Among Collegiate Athletes. Athletic Insight – The Online Journal of Sport Psychology, 2008, vol. 10 (2).
10. Demirli A. Comparison of the Situation Anxiety Levels of Elite Wrestlers Before and After the Competition. Bartın University, Education Science Institute, Master’s Thesis, Bartın. 2017.
11. Earnest C.P., Jurca R., Church T. et al. Relation Between Physical Exertion and Heart Rate Variability Characteristics in Professional Cyclists During the Tour of Spain. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 2004, vol. 38 (5), pp. 568–575. DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.2003.005140 PMID: 15388541
12. Gelen M., Eler S., Eler N. Detraining: COVID-19 and High Level Performance. Journal of National Education, 2020, vol. 49 (227), pp. 447–464.
13. Jukic I., Calleja-González J., Cos F. et al. Strategies and Solutions for Team Sports Athletes in Isolation due to COVID-19. Sports, 2020. DOI: 10.3390/sports8040056
14. Khan Z., Haider Z., Ahmad N., Khan S. Sports Achievement. Motivation and Sports Competition Anxiety: A Relationship Study. Journal of Education and Practice, 2011, vol. 2 (4).
15. Knechtle B. Relationship of Anthropometric and Training Characteristics with Race Performance in Endurance and Ultra-Endurance Athletes. Asian Journal of Sports Medicine, 2014, vol. 5 (2), p. 73. PMID: 25834701
16. Kocak U.Z., Ozer Kaya D. COVID-19 Pandemic, Sport, Athlete Triangle: Implications and Recommendations. Izmir Katip Celebi University, Faculty of Health Sciences Journal, 2020, vol. 5 (2), pp. 129–133.
17. Koruç Z., Kuter F., Yilmaz V. et al. (in press). The Adaptation of Adult Version of Sport Competition Anxiety Test to Turkey: SCAT-A. Hacettepe Journal of Sport Sciences.
18. Kurimay D., Pope-Rhodius A., Kondric M. The Relationship Between Stress and Coping in Table Tennis. Journal of Human Kinetics, 2017, vol. 55 (1), pp. 75–81. DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2017-0007
19. Lewinsohn P.M., Gotlib I.H., Lewinsohn M. et al. Gender Differences in Anxiety Disorders and Anxiety Symptoms in Adolescents. J Abnorm Psychol., 1998, vol. 107 (1), pp. 109–117. DOI: 10.1037/0021-843X.107.1.109
20. Martens R. Sports Competitive Anxiety Test. Champaign III: Human Kinetics, 1977. DOI: 10.1037/t27556-000
21. McCann S.C., Murphy S.M., Raedeke T.D. The Effect of Performance Setting and Individual Differences on the Anxiety-Performance Relationship for Elite Cyclists. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 1992, vol. 5 (2), pp. 177–187. DOI: 10.1080/10615809208250496
22. McEwen B.S. Protective and Damaging Effects of Stress Mediators. New England Journal of Medicine, 1998, vol. 338 (3), pp. 171–179. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199801153380307 PMID: 9428819
23. Nieman D.C. Coronavirus Disease-2019: a Tocsin to our Aging, Unfit, Corpulent, and Immunodeficient Society. J. Sport Health Science, 2020, pp. 2095–2546, 30060. DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs. 2020.05.001
24. Oliveira-Silva I., Silva V.A., Cunha R.M., Foster C. Autonomic Changes Induced by Pre-Competitive Stress in Cyclists in Relation to Physical Fitness and Anxiety. Plos One, 2018, vol. 13 (12), e0209834. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209834
25. Patil S.G., Mullur L.M., Khodnapur J.P. et al. Effect of Yoga on Short Term Heart Rate Variability Measure as a Stress Index in Subjunior Cyclists: A Pilot Study, 2013.
26. Roy-Davis K., Wadey R., Evans L. A Grounded Theory of Sport Injury-Related Growth. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 2017, vol. 6 (1), p. 35. DOI: 10.1037/spy0000080
27. Sangari M., Fotrousi F., Masrour F.F. Relationship Between Mental Skill and Competitive Anxiety in Female National Football Players. World Appl. Sci. J., 2012, vol. 20 (8), pp. 1175–1178. DOI: 10.5829/idosi.wasj.2012.20.08.2813
28. Singh V., Prakash S., Punia S. Relationship between Pre-Competition Anxiety and Performance Levels In Inter-University Women Football Teams. International Journal of Physical Education, Sports and Health, 2017, vol. 4 (5), pp. 136–139.
29. Singh V., Punia S. Measurement of Pre-Competition Anxiety in Women Football Players among Universities of Central Zone of India. International Journal of Physical Education, Sports and Health, 2017, vol. 4 (5), pp. 221–223.
30. Sperlich B., Achtzehn S., Buhr M. et al. Salivary Cortisol, Heart Rate, Andnblood Lactate Responses During Elite Downhill Mountain Bike Racing. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 2012, vol. 7 (1), pp. 47–52. PMID: 22461462 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.7.1.47
31. Timpka T. Sports Health During the SARS-Cov-2 Pandemic. Sports Medicine (Auckland, Nz), 2020, p. 1. DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01288-7
32. Wilson G.S., Raglin J.S., Pritchard M.E. Optimism, Pessimism and Pre-Competition Anxiety in College Athletes. Pers Individ Dif, 2002, vol. 32 (5), pp. 893–902. DOI: 10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00094-0
References
1. Akarcesme C. The Relationship Between Pre-Competition State Anxiety and Performance Criteria in Volleyball. Gazi University Health Science Institute, Master’s Thesis, Ankara. 2004.2. Aleman K.B., Meyers M.C. Mountain Biking Injuries in Children and Adolescents. Sports Med., 2010, vol. 40 (1), pp. 77–90. DOI: 10.2165/11319640-000000000-00000 PMID: 20020788
3. Anderson R.M., Heesterbeek H., Klinkenberg D., Hollingsworth T.D. How will Country-Based Mitigation Measures Influence the Course of the COVID-19 Epidemic? The Lancet, 2020, vol. 395 (10228), pp. 931–934. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30567-5
4. Aşçı F.H., Koca C., Demirhan G., Dinç S.C. Precompetitive Anxiety and Affective State of Climbers in Indoor Climbing Competition. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 2006, vol. 102 (2), pp. 395–404. DOI: 10.2466/pms.102.2.395-404
5. Basaran M.H. Investigation of State and Trait Anxiety Levels in Athletes According to Some Variables. Selçuk University Health Science Institute Doctora Thesis, Konya, 2008.
6. Cangir S. Examining the State and Trait Anxiety Levels of Female Volleyball Players. Gelişim University Health Science Institute Master’s Thesis, İstanbul, 2019.
7. Chidley J.B., MacGregor A.L., Martin C. et al. Characteristics Explaining Performance in Downhill Mountain Biking. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 2015, vol. 10 (2), pp. 183–190. DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2014-0135 PMID: 25010645
8. Corsini A., Bisciotti G.N., Eirale C., Volpi P. Football Cannot Restart Soon During the COVID-19 Emergency! A Critical Perspective from the Italian Experience and a Call for Action. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 2020. DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2020-102306
9. Cremades J.G., Wiggins M.S. Direction and Intensity of Trait Anxiety as Predictors of Burn out Among Collegiate Athletes. Athletic Insight – The Online Journal of Sport Psychology, 2008, vol. 10 (2).
10. Demirli A. Comparison of the Situation Anxiety Levels of Elite Wrestlers Before and After the Competition. Bartın University, Education Science Institute, Master’s Thesis, Bartın. 2017.
11. Earnest C.P., Jurca R., Church T. et al. Relation Between Physical Exertion and Heart Rate Variability Characteristics in Professional Cyclists During the Tour of Spain. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 2004, vol. 38 (5), pp. 568–575. DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.2003.005140 PMID: 15388541
12. Gelen M., Eler S., Eler N. Detraining: COVID-19 and High Level Performance. Journal of National Education, 2020, vol. 49 (227), pp. 447–464.
13. Jukic I., Calleja-González J., Cos F. et al. Strategies and Solutions for Team Sports Athletes in Isolation due to COVID-19. Sports, 2020. DOI: 10.3390/sports8040056
14. Khan Z., Haider Z., Ahmad N., Khan S. Sports Achievement. Motivation and Sports Competition Anxiety: A Relationship Study. Journal of Education and Practice, 2011, vol. 2 (4).
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Опубликован
2022-04-19
Как цитировать
Куркджу Акгонул, Э., Шахин, Т., & Озэн, Г. (2022). ВЛИЯНИЕ ПАНДЕМИИ COVID-19 НА ПРЕДСОРЕВНОВАТЕЛЬНУЮ ТРЕВОЖНОСТЬ У ТРЕНИРОВАННЫХ ТУРЕЦКИХ ВЕЛОСИПЕДИСТОВ. Человек. Спорт. Медицина, 22(1), 110-120. https://doi.org/10.14529/hsm220116
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Спортивная тренировка
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