АДАПТАЦИЯ К ФИЗИЧЕСКИМ НАГРУЗКАМ В ФУТБОЛЕ: АНАЛИЗ МЫШЕЧНОЙ СИЛЫ И ВЫНОСЛИВОСТИ
Ключевые слова:
сила мышц ног, изометрический тест, мышечный дисбаланс, аэробные возможности, футбол, арбитр, беговые тесты
Аннотация
Цель: оценить различия в мышечном дисбалансе и физической выносливости между главными арбитрами и ассистентами, а также выявить специфические требования физической подготовки для каждой роли арбитра. Материалы и методы. В исследовании участвовали 51 футбольный арбитр в возрасте 18–28 лет. Оценивали антропометрические показатели, состав тела, изометрическую силу приводящих и отводящих мышц, а также физическую выносливость с помощью беговых тестов. Статистический анализ проводили с использованием t-теста для независимых выборок. Результаты. Между главными арбитрами и ассистентами не выявлено значимых различий по показателям мышечного дисбаланса и маневренности. Однако результаты бегового теста показали статистически значимое различие, главные арбитры продемонстрировали более высокую выносливость. Это подтверждает наличие специфических требований к физической подготовке в зависимости от роли арбитра. Заключение. Различия в выносливости между главными арбитрами и ассистентами могут быть обусловлены различиями в их ролях на поле. Полученные данные подчеркивают необходимость дальнейшего изучения и оптимизации тренировочных программ для арбитров.
Литература
1. Онищенко Д.А., Бравый Я.Б. Оценка силы мышц сгибателей и разгибателей туловища в изокинетическом режиме // Человек. Спорт. Медицина. 2024. Т. 24, № 4. С. 134–141. [Onishchenko D.A., Bravy Ya.B. Evaluation of the Strength of the Flexor and Extensor Muscles of the Trunk in Isokinetic Mode. Human. Sport. Medicine, 2024, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 134–141. (in Russ.)] DOI: 10.14529/ hsm240417
2. Martinho D.V., Field A., Rebelo A. et al. A Systematic Review of the Physical, Physiological, Nutritional and Anthropometric Profiles of Soccer Referees. Sports Medicine – Open, 2023, vol. 9, no. 1, p. 72. DOI: 10.1186/s40798-023-00610-7
3. Bozdoğan T.K., Kızılet A., Biçer B. The Effect of Morphological Characteristics on the Physical and Physiological Performance of Turkish Soccer Referees and Assistant Referees. SHS Web of Conferences, 2017, vol. 37, 01032. DOI: 10.1051/shsconf/20173701032
4. Urhausen A., Vivas J., Lambert C., Weiler B. Cardiovascular Stress in Football Referees. Deutsche Zeitschrift für Sportmedizin, 2022, vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 30–35. DOI: 10.5960/dzsm.2021.511
5. Castagna C., Abt G., DʼOttavio S. Activity Profile of International-Level Soccer Referees During Competitive Matches. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2004, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 486–490. DOI: 10.1519/00124278-200408000-00016
6. Santos-Silva P.R., D’Andrea Greve J.M., Pedrinelli A. et al. Comparing the Aerobic Fitness of Professional Male Soccer Players and Soccer Referees. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 2019, vol. 18, no. 12, pp. 497–501. DOI: 10.1249/JSR.0000000000000668
7. Iskarevskii G.V., Pekonidi A.A., Beknazarova A.M. et al. Effect of Blood Flow Restriction on Recruitment Threshold and Amplitude-Frequency Characteristics of Motor Units During Exercise. 2024 Sixth International Conference Neurotechnologies and Neurointerfaces (CNN), 2024, pp. 44–46. DOI: 10.1109/CNN63506.2024.10705860
8. Castillo D., Cámara J., Castagna C., Yanci J. Effects of the off-Season Period on Field and Assistant Soccer Referees' Physical Performance. Journal of Human Kinetics, 2017, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 159–166. DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2017-0033
9. Harper D.J., Carling C., Kiely J. High-Intensity Acceleration and Deceleration Demands in Elite Team Sports Competitive Match Play: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. Sports Medicine, 2019, vol. 49, no. 12, pp. 1923–1947. DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01170-1
10. Haugen T.A., Tønnessen E., Seiler S. Anaerobic Performance Testing of Professional Soccer Players 1995–2010. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 2013, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 148–156. DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.8.2.148
11. Castillo-Rodríguez A., Alejo-Moya E.J., Figueiredo A. et al. Influence of Physical Fitness on Decision-making of Soccer Referees Throughout the Match. Heliyon, 2023, vol. 9, no. 9, e19702. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19702
12. Manilo Y.V. Locomotor Activity of Professional Football Referees. Physical Education of Students, 2014, vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 37–40. DOI: 10.15561/20755279.2014.0607
13. Maughan P.C., MacFarlane N.G., Swinton P.A. Quantification of Training and Match-play Load Across a Season in Professional Youth Football Players. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 2021, vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 1169–1177. DOI: 10.1177/17479541211000328
14. Hosseini Kakhak S.A., Kianigul M., Haghighi A.-H. et al. Performing Soccer-Specific Training with Blood Flow Restriction Enhances Physical Capacities in Youth Soccer Players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2022, vol. 36, no. 7, pp. 1972–1977. DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000003737
15. Castillo D., Cámara J., Lozano D. et al. The Association Between Physical Performance and Match-play Activities of Field and Assistants Soccer Referees. Research in Sports Medicine, 2019, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 283–297. DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2018.1534117
16. Wallace J.L., Norton K.I. Evolution of World Cup Soccer Final Games 1966–2010: Game Structure, Speed and Play Patterns. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 2014, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 223–228. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2013.03.016
2. Martinho D.V., Field A., Rebelo A. et al. A Systematic Review of the Physical, Physiological, Nutritional and Anthropometric Profiles of Soccer Referees. Sports Medicine – Open, 2023, vol. 9, no. 1, p. 72. DOI: 10.1186/s40798-023-00610-7
3. Bozdoğan T.K., Kızılet A., Biçer B. The Effect of Morphological Characteristics on the Physical and Physiological Performance of Turkish Soccer Referees and Assistant Referees. SHS Web of Conferences, 2017, vol. 37, 01032. DOI: 10.1051/shsconf/20173701032
4. Urhausen A., Vivas J., Lambert C., Weiler B. Cardiovascular Stress in Football Referees. Deutsche Zeitschrift für Sportmedizin, 2022, vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 30–35. DOI: 10.5960/dzsm.2021.511
5. Castagna C., Abt G., DʼOttavio S. Activity Profile of International-Level Soccer Referees During Competitive Matches. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2004, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 486–490. DOI: 10.1519/00124278-200408000-00016
6. Santos-Silva P.R., D’Andrea Greve J.M., Pedrinelli A. et al. Comparing the Aerobic Fitness of Professional Male Soccer Players and Soccer Referees. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 2019, vol. 18, no. 12, pp. 497–501. DOI: 10.1249/JSR.0000000000000668
7. Iskarevskii G.V., Pekonidi A.A., Beknazarova A.M. et al. Effect of Blood Flow Restriction on Recruitment Threshold and Amplitude-Frequency Characteristics of Motor Units During Exercise. 2024 Sixth International Conference Neurotechnologies and Neurointerfaces (CNN), 2024, pp. 44–46. DOI: 10.1109/CNN63506.2024.10705860
8. Castillo D., Cámara J., Castagna C., Yanci J. Effects of the off-Season Period on Field and Assistant Soccer Referees' Physical Performance. Journal of Human Kinetics, 2017, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 159–166. DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2017-0033
9. Harper D.J., Carling C., Kiely J. High-Intensity Acceleration and Deceleration Demands in Elite Team Sports Competitive Match Play: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. Sports Medicine, 2019, vol. 49, no. 12, pp. 1923–1947. DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01170-1
10. Haugen T.A., Tønnessen E., Seiler S. Anaerobic Performance Testing of Professional Soccer Players 1995–2010. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 2013, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 148–156. DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.8.2.148
11. Castillo-Rodríguez A., Alejo-Moya E.J., Figueiredo A. et al. Influence of Physical Fitness on Decision-making of Soccer Referees Throughout the Match. Heliyon, 2023, vol. 9, no. 9, e19702. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19702
12. Manilo Y.V. Locomotor Activity of Professional Football Referees. Physical Education of Students, 2014, vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 37–40. DOI: 10.15561/20755279.2014.0607
13. Maughan P.C., MacFarlane N.G., Swinton P.A. Quantification of Training and Match-play Load Across a Season in Professional Youth Football Players. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 2021, vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 1169–1177. DOI: 10.1177/17479541211000328
14. Hosseini Kakhak S.A., Kianigul M., Haghighi A.-H. et al. Performing Soccer-Specific Training with Blood Flow Restriction Enhances Physical Capacities in Youth Soccer Players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2022, vol. 36, no. 7, pp. 1972–1977. DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000003737
15. Castillo D., Cámara J., Lozano D. et al. The Association Between Physical Performance and Match-play Activities of Field and Assistants Soccer Referees. Research in Sports Medicine, 2019, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 283–297. DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2018.1534117
16. Wallace J.L., Norton K.I. Evolution of World Cup Soccer Final Games 1966–2010: Game Structure, Speed and Play Patterns. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 2014, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 223–228. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2013.03.016
2. Martinho D.V., Field A., Rebelo A. et al. A Systematic Review of the Physical, Physiological, Nutritional and Anthropometric Profiles of Soccer Referees. Sports Medicine – Open, 2023, vol. 9, no. 1, p. 72. DOI: 10.1186/s40798-023-00610-7
3. Bozdoğan T.K., Kızılet A., Biçer B. The Effect of Morphological Characteristics on the Physical and Physiological Performance of Turkish Soccer Referees and Assistant Referees. SHS Web of Conferences, 2017, vol. 37, 01032. DOI: 10.1051/shsconf/20173701032
4. Urhausen A., Vivas J., Lambert C., Weiler B. Cardiovascular Stress in Football Referees. Deutsche Zeitschrift für Sportmedizin, 2022, vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 30–35. DOI: 10.5960/dzsm.2021.511
5. Castagna C., Abt G., DʼOttavio S. Activity Profile of International-Level Soccer Referees During Competitive Matches. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2004, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 486–490. DOI: 10.1519/00124278-200408000-00016
6. Santos-Silva P.R., D’Andrea Greve J.M., Pedrinelli A. et al. Comparing the Aerobic Fitness of Professional Male Soccer Players and Soccer Referees. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 2019, vol. 18, no. 12, pp. 497–501. DOI: 10.1249/JSR.0000000000000668
7. Iskarevskii G.V., Pekonidi A.A., Beknazarova A.M. et al. Effect of Blood Flow Restriction on Recruitment Threshold and Amplitude-Frequency Characteristics of Motor Units During Exercise. 2024 Sixth International Conference Neurotechnologies and Neurointerfaces (CNN), 2024, pp. 44–46. DOI: 10.1109/CNN63506.2024.10705860
8. Castillo D., Cámara J., Castagna C., Yanci J. Effects of the off-Season Period on Field and Assistant Soccer Referees' Physical Performance. Journal of Human Kinetics, 2017, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 159–166. DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2017-0033
9. Harper D.J., Carling C., Kiely J. High-Intensity Acceleration and Deceleration Demands in Elite Team Sports Competitive Match Play: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. Sports Medicine, 2019, vol. 49, no. 12, pp. 1923–1947. DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01170-1
10. Haugen T.A., Tønnessen E., Seiler S. Anaerobic Performance Testing of Professional Soccer Players 1995–2010. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 2013, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 148–156. DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.8.2.148
11. Castillo-Rodríguez A., Alejo-Moya E.J., Figueiredo A. et al. Influence of Physical Fitness on Decision-making of Soccer Referees Throughout the Match. Heliyon, 2023, vol. 9, no. 9, e19702. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19702
12. Manilo Y.V. Locomotor Activity of Professional Football Referees. Physical Education of Students, 2014, vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 37–40. DOI: 10.15561/20755279.2014.0607
13. Maughan P.C., MacFarlane N.G., Swinton P.A. Quantification of Training and Match-play Load Across a Season in Professional Youth Football Players. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 2021, vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 1169–1177. DOI: 10.1177/17479541211000328
14. Hosseini Kakhak S.A., Kianigul M., Haghighi A.-H. et al. Performing Soccer-Specific Training with Blood Flow Restriction Enhances Physical Capacities in Youth Soccer Players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2022, vol. 36, no. 7, pp. 1972–1977. DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000003737
15. Castillo D., Cámara J., Lozano D. et al. The Association Between Physical Performance and Match-play Activities of Field and Assistants Soccer Referees. Research in Sports Medicine, 2019, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 283–297. DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2018.1534117
16. Wallace J.L., Norton K.I. Evolution of World Cup Soccer Final Games 1966–2010: Game Structure, Speed and Play Patterns. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 2014, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 223–228. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2013.03.016
References
1. Онищенко Д.А., Бравый Я.Б. Оценка силы мышц сгибателей и разгибателей туловища в изокинетическом режиме // Человек. Спорт. Медицина. 2024. Т. 24, № 4. С. 134–141. [Onishchenko D.A., Bravy Ya.B. Evaluation of the Strength of the Flexor and Extensor Muscles of the Trunk in Isokinetic Mode. Human. Sport. Medicine, 2024, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 134–141. (in Russ.)] DOI: 10.14529/ hsm2404172. Martinho D.V., Field A., Rebelo A. et al. A Systematic Review of the Physical, Physiological, Nutritional and Anthropometric Profiles of Soccer Referees. Sports Medicine – Open, 2023, vol. 9, no. 1, p. 72. DOI: 10.1186/s40798-023-00610-7
3. Bozdoğan T.K., Kızılet A., Biçer B. The Effect of Morphological Characteristics on the Physical and Physiological Performance of Turkish Soccer Referees and Assistant Referees. SHS Web of Conferences, 2017, vol. 37, 01032. DOI: 10.1051/shsconf/20173701032
4. Urhausen A., Vivas J., Lambert C., Weiler B. Cardiovascular Stress in Football Referees. Deutsche Zeitschrift für Sportmedizin, 2022, vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 30–35. DOI: 10.5960/dzsm.2021.511
5. Castagna C., Abt G., DʼOttavio S. Activity Profile of International-Level Soccer Referees During Competitive Matches. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2004, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 486–490. DOI: 10.1519/00124278-200408000-00016
6. Santos-Silva P.R., D’Andrea Greve J.M., Pedrinelli A. et al. Comparing the Aerobic Fitness of Professional Male Soccer Players and Soccer Referees. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 2019, vol. 18, no. 12, pp. 497–501. DOI: 10.1249/JSR.0000000000000668
7. Iskarevskii G.V., Pekonidi A.A., Beknazarova A.M. et al. Effect of Blood Flow Restriction on Recruitment Threshold and Amplitude-Frequency Characteristics of Motor Units During Exercise. 2024 Sixth International Conference Neurotechnologies and Neurointerfaces (CNN), 2024, pp. 44–46. DOI: 10.1109/CNN63506.2024.10705860
8. Castillo D., Cámara J., Castagna C., Yanci J. Effects of the off-Season Period on Field and Assistant Soccer Referees' Physical Performance. Journal of Human Kinetics, 2017, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 159–166. DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2017-0033
9. Harper D.J., Carling C., Kiely J. High-Intensity Acceleration and Deceleration Demands in Elite Team Sports Competitive Match Play: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. Sports Medicine, 2019, vol. 49, no. 12, pp. 1923–1947. DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01170-1
10. Haugen T.A., Tønnessen E., Seiler S. Anaerobic Performance Testing of Professional Soccer Players 1995–2010. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 2013, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 148–156. DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.8.2.148
11. Castillo-Rodríguez A., Alejo-Moya E.J., Figueiredo A. et al. Influence of Physical Fitness on Decision-making of Soccer Referees Throughout the Match. Heliyon, 2023, vol. 9, no. 9, e19702. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19702
12. Manilo Y.V. Locomotor Activity of Professional Football Referees. Physical Education of Students, 2014, vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 37–40. DOI: 10.15561/20755279.2014.0607
13. Maughan P.C., MacFarlane N.G., Swinton P.A. Quantification of Training and Match-play Load Across a Season in Professional Youth Football Players. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 2021, vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 1169–1177. DOI: 10.1177/17479541211000328
14. Hosseini Kakhak S.A., Kianigul M., Haghighi A.-H. et al. Performing Soccer-Specific Training with Blood Flow Restriction Enhances Physical Capacities in Youth Soccer Players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2022, vol. 36, no. 7, pp. 1972–1977. DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000003737
15. Castillo D., Cámara J., Lozano D. et al. The Association Between Physical Performance and Match-play Activities of Field and Assistants Soccer Referees. Research in Sports Medicine, 2019, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 283–297. DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2018.1534117
16. Wallace J.L., Norton K.I. Evolution of World Cup Soccer Final Games 1966–2010: Game Structure, Speed and Play Patterns. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 2014, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 223–228. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2013.03.016
Опубликован
2026-01-28
Как цитировать
Онищенко, Д., Бравый, Я., Суханов, Н., & Балтин, М. (2026). АДАПТАЦИЯ К ФИЗИЧЕСКИМ НАГРУЗКАМ В ФУТБОЛЕ: АНАЛИЗ МЫШЕЧНОЙ СИЛЫ И ВЫНОСЛИВОСТИ. Человек. Спорт. Медицина, 25(S2), 98-103. https://doi.org/10.14529/hsm25s213
Выпуск
Раздел
Современные педагогические и психологические технологии в физическом воспитании
Copyright (c) 2026 Человек. Спорт. Медицина
Это произведение доступно по лицензии Creative Commons «Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives» («Атрибуция — Некоммерческое использование — Без производных произведений») 4.0 Всемирная.
