РАЗЛИЧИЯ В СОСТАВЕ ТЕЛА СПОРТСМЕНОВ В ПРЫЖКАХ НА ЛЫЖАХ С ТРАМПЛИНА, ЛЫЖНОМ ДВОЕБОРЬЕ И БИАТЛОНЕ В ЗАВИСИМОСТИ ОТ ПОЛА
Ключевые слова:
состав тела, прыжки на лыжах с трамплина, лыжное двоеборье, биатлон
Аннотация
Аннотация. Цель: выявление различий в общих и региональных показателях состава тела у спортсменов в прыжках на лыжах с трамплина, лыжном двоеборье и биатлоне в зависимости от пола. Материалы и методы. В исследовании приняли участие 320 спортсменов, разделенных на три группы: прыгуны с трамплина (n = 85), лыжники-двоеборцы (n = 144) и биатлонисты (n = 91). У данных спортсменов проведены измерения состава тела посредством биоимпедансометрии. Результаты. У мужчин наблюдалась разница между прыгунами с трамплина, двоеборцами и биатлонистами (р < 0,01) в показателях ИМТ, массы тела, мышц, белка, количества жидкости, региональной мышечной массы рук и туловища. Прыгуны с трамплина значительно отличаются от биатлонистов по жировой массе тела, региональной жировой массе туловища и ног. Двоеборцы значительно отличаются от биатлонистов по жировой массе, региональной жировой массе туловища и ног. Спортсменки трех групп различаются по массе тела, мышц, белка, мышечной массе рук и туловища. Спортсменки в прыжках с трамплина и двоеборье имеют различия в массе жира. Биатлонистки отличаются от прыгуний с трамплина по росту, количеству жидкости, региональной жировой массе рук, региональной мышечной и жировой массе левой ноги. Биатлонистки отличаются от лыжниц-двоеборок по жировой массе, количеству жидкости, региональной жировой массе рук и голеней, региональной мышечной массе ног. Заключение. Специфика нагрузок в прыжках с трамплина, лыжном двоеборье и биатлоне приводит к изменениям в составе тела спортсменов. Установленные различия в общих и региональных показателях состава тела имеют большое значение для специалистов по этим видам спорта и могут быть использованы как маркеры в системе спортивного отбора.
Литература
1. Bassett D.R. Jr., Howley E.T. Limiting Factors for Maximum Oxygen Uptake and Determi-nants of Endurance Performance. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 2000, vol. 32, no. 1, рр. 70–84. DOI: 10.1097/00005768-200001000-00012
2. Ben Mansour G., Kacem A., Ishak M. et al. The Effect of Body Composition on Strength and Power in Male and Female Students. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation, 2021, vol. 13, no. 1, p. 150. DOI: 10.1186/s13102-021-00376-z
3. Campa F., Toselli S., Mazzilli M. et al. Assessment of Body Composition in Athletes: A Narrative Review of Available Methods with Special Reference to Quantitative and Qualitative Bioimpedance Analysis. Nutrients, 2021, vol. 13, no. 5, p. 1620. DOI: 10.3390/nu13051620
4. Janura M., Cabell L., Svoboda Z., Elfmark M. Evaluation of Explosive Power Performance in Ski Jumpers and Nordic Combined Competitive Athletes: A 19-Year Study. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2016, vol. 30, no. 1, рр. 71–80. DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001046
5. Jonsson Kårström M., Stöggl T., Ohlsson M.L. et al. Kinematical Effects of Rifle Carriage on Roller Skiing in Well-trained Female and Male Biathletes. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 2023, vol. 33, no. 4, рр. 444–454. DOI: 10.1111/sms.14276
6. Jošt B. The Hierarchical Structure of Selected Morphological and Motoric Variables in Ski Jumping. Human Movement, 2010, vol. 11, no. 2, рр. 124–131. DOI: 10.2478/v10038-010-0016-0
7. Kolnes K.J., Petersen M.H., Lien-Iversen T. et al. Effect of Exercise Training on Fat Loss-Energetic Perspectives and the Role of Improved Adipose Tissue Function and Body Fat Distribu-tion. Frontiers in Physiology, 2021, vol. 12, 737709. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.737709
8. Lichti J., Maggioni M.A., Balcerek B. et al. The Relevance of Body Composition Assess-ment for the Rating of Perceived Exertion in Trained and Untrained Women and Men. Frontiers in Physiology, 2023, vol. 14, 1188802. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1188802
9. Losnegard T., Hallén J. Physiological Differences between Sprint- and Distance-specialized Cross-country Skiers. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 2014, vol. 9, no. 1, рр. 25–31. DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2013-0066
10. Luchsinger H., Kocbach J., Ettema G., Sandbakk Ø. Contribution from Cross-country Ski-ing, Start Time and Shooting Components to the Overall and Isolated Biathlon Pursuit Race Per-formance. PLoS One, 2020, vol. 15, no. 9, e0239057. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239057
11. Melchiorri G., Viero V., Sorge R. et al. Body Composition Analysis to Study Long-term Trai¬ning Effects in Elite Male Water Polo Athletes. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fit-ness, 2018, vol. 58, no. 9, рр. 1269–1274. DOI: 10.23736/S0022-4707.17.07208-5
12. Min S.K., Lim S.T., Lee K.K. Differences in Body Composition and Physical Fitness of Korean National Bobsleigh and Skeleton Athletes. Journal Sports Medicine Physical Fitness, 2022, vol. 62, no. 8, рр. 1071–1077. DOI: 10.23736/S0022-4707.21.12700-8
13. Ostachowska-Gąsior A., Piwowar M., Zając J. Segmental Phase Angle and Body Composi-tion Fluctuation of Elite Ski Jumpers between Summer and Winter FIS Competitions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2021, vol. 18, no. 9, p. 4741. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094741
14. Sandbakk Ø., Rasdal V., Bråten S. et al. How Do World-Class Nordic Combined Athletes Differ From Specialized Cross-Country Skiers and Ski Jumpers in Sport-Specific Capacity and Trai¬ning Characteristics? International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 2016, vol. 11, no. 7, рр. 899–906. DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2015-0285
15. Virmavirta M., Kivekäs J. Is it Still Important to be Light in Ski Jumping? Sports Biome-chanics, 2021, vol. 20, no. 4, рр. 407–418. DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2018.1556326
16. Zera J.N., Nagle E.F., Connell E. et al. Gender Differences and the Influence of Body Composition on Land and Pool-Based Assessments of Anaerobic Power and Capacity. Interna-tional Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2022, vol. 19, no. 13, p. 7902. DOI: 10.3390/ ijerph19137902
17. Zimmermann P., Moser O., Eckstein M.L. et al. Athlete's Heart in Elite Biathlon, Nordic Cross-Country and Ski-Mountaineering Athletes: Cardiac Adaptions Determined Using Echocardi-ographic Data. Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease, 2021, vol. 9, no. 1, p. 8. DOI: 10.3390/jcdd9010008
2. Ben Mansour G., Kacem A., Ishak M. et al. The Effect of Body Composition on Strength and Power in Male and Female Students. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation, 2021, vol. 13, no. 1, p. 150. DOI: 10.1186/s13102-021-00376-z
3. Campa F., Toselli S., Mazzilli M. et al. Assessment of Body Composition in Athletes: A Narrative Review of Available Methods with Special Reference to Quantitative and Qualitative Bioimpedance Analysis. Nutrients, 2021, vol. 13, no. 5, p. 1620. DOI: 10.3390/nu13051620
4. Janura M., Cabell L., Svoboda Z., Elfmark M. Evaluation of Explosive Power Performance in Ski Jumpers and Nordic Combined Competitive Athletes: A 19-Year Study. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2016, vol. 30, no. 1, рр. 71–80. DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001046
5. Jonsson Kårström M., Stöggl T., Ohlsson M.L. et al. Kinematical Effects of Rifle Carriage on Roller Skiing in Well-trained Female and Male Biathletes. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 2023, vol. 33, no. 4, рр. 444–454. DOI: 10.1111/sms.14276
6. Jošt B. The Hierarchical Structure of Selected Morphological and Motoric Variables in Ski Jumping. Human Movement, 2010, vol. 11, no. 2, рр. 124–131. DOI: 10.2478/v10038-010-0016-0
7. Kolnes K.J., Petersen M.H., Lien-Iversen T. et al. Effect of Exercise Training on Fat Loss-Energetic Perspectives and the Role of Improved Adipose Tissue Function and Body Fat Distribu-tion. Frontiers in Physiology, 2021, vol. 12, 737709. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.737709
8. Lichti J., Maggioni M.A., Balcerek B. et al. The Relevance of Body Composition Assess-ment for the Rating of Perceived Exertion in Trained and Untrained Women and Men. Frontiers in Physiology, 2023, vol. 14, 1188802. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1188802
9. Losnegard T., Hallén J. Physiological Differences between Sprint- and Distance-specialized Cross-country Skiers. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 2014, vol. 9, no. 1, рр. 25–31. DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2013-0066
10. Luchsinger H., Kocbach J., Ettema G., Sandbakk Ø. Contribution from Cross-country Ski-ing, Start Time and Shooting Components to the Overall and Isolated Biathlon Pursuit Race Per-formance. PLoS One, 2020, vol. 15, no. 9, e0239057. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239057
11. Melchiorri G., Viero V., Sorge R. et al. Body Composition Analysis to Study Long-term Trai¬ning Effects in Elite Male Water Polo Athletes. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fit-ness, 2018, vol. 58, no. 9, рр. 1269–1274. DOI: 10.23736/S0022-4707.17.07208-5
12. Min S.K., Lim S.T., Lee K.K. Differences in Body Composition and Physical Fitness of Korean National Bobsleigh and Skeleton Athletes. Journal Sports Medicine Physical Fitness, 2022, vol. 62, no. 8, рр. 1071–1077. DOI: 10.23736/S0022-4707.21.12700-8
13. Ostachowska-Gąsior A., Piwowar M., Zając J. Segmental Phase Angle and Body Composi-tion Fluctuation of Elite Ski Jumpers between Summer and Winter FIS Competitions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2021, vol. 18, no. 9, p. 4741. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094741
14. Sandbakk Ø., Rasdal V., Bråten S. et al. How Do World-Class Nordic Combined Athletes Differ From Specialized Cross-Country Skiers and Ski Jumpers in Sport-Specific Capacity and Trai¬ning Characteristics? International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 2016, vol. 11, no. 7, рр. 899–906. DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2015-0285
15. Virmavirta M., Kivekäs J. Is it Still Important to be Light in Ski Jumping? Sports Biome-chanics, 2021, vol. 20, no. 4, рр. 407–418. DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2018.1556326
16. Zera J.N., Nagle E.F., Connell E. et al. Gender Differences and the Influence of Body Composition on Land and Pool-Based Assessments of Anaerobic Power and Capacity. Interna-tional Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2022, vol. 19, no. 13, p. 7902. DOI: 10.3390/ ijerph19137902
17. Zimmermann P., Moser O., Eckstein M.L. et al. Athlete's Heart in Elite Biathlon, Nordic Cross-Country and Ski-Mountaineering Athletes: Cardiac Adaptions Determined Using Echocardi-ographic Data. Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease, 2021, vol. 9, no. 1, p. 8. DOI: 10.3390/jcdd9010008
2. Ben Mansour G., Kacem A., Ishak M. et al. The Effect of Body Composition on Strength and Power in Male and Female Students. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation, 2021, vol. 13, no. 1, p. 150. DOI: 10.1186/s13102-021-00376-z
3. Campa F., Toselli S., Mazzilli M. et al. Assessment of Body Composition in Athletes: A Narrative Review of Available Methods with Special Reference to Quantitative and Qualitative Bioimpedance Analysis. Nutrients, 2021, vol. 13, no. 5, p. 1620. DOI: 10.3390/nu13051620
4. Janura M., Cabell L., Svoboda Z., Elfmark M. Evaluation of Explosive Power Performance in Ski Jumpers and Nordic Combined Competitive Athletes: A 19-Year Study. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2016, vol. 30, no. 1, рр. 71–80. DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001046
5. Jonsson Kårström M., Stöggl T., Ohlsson M.L. et al. Kinematical Effects of Rifle Carriage on Roller Skiing in Well-trained Female and Male Biathletes. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 2023, vol. 33, no. 4, рр. 444–454. DOI: 10.1111/sms.14276
6. Jošt B. The Hierarchical Structure of Selected Morphological and Motoric Variables in Ski Jumping. Human Movement, 2010, vol. 11, no. 2, рр. 124–131. DOI: 10.2478/v10038-010-0016-0
7. Kolnes K.J., Petersen M.H., Lien-Iversen T. et al. Effect of Exercise Training on Fat Loss-Energetic Perspectives and the Role of Improved Adipose Tissue Function and Body Fat Distribu-tion. Frontiers in Physiology, 2021, vol. 12, 737709. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.737709
8. Lichti J., Maggioni M.A., Balcerek B. et al. The Relevance of Body Composition Assess-ment for the Rating of Perceived Exertion in Trained and Untrained Women and Men. Frontiers in Physiology, 2023, vol. 14, 1188802. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1188802
9. Losnegard T., Hallén J. Physiological Differences between Sprint- and Distance-specialized Cross-country Skiers. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 2014, vol. 9, no. 1, рр. 25–31. DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2013-0066
10. Luchsinger H., Kocbach J., Ettema G., Sandbakk Ø. Contribution from Cross-country Ski-ing, Start Time and Shooting Components to the Overall and Isolated Biathlon Pursuit Race Per-formance. PLoS One, 2020, vol. 15, no. 9, e0239057. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239057
11. Melchiorri G., Viero V., Sorge R. et al. Body Composition Analysis to Study Long-term Trai¬ning Effects in Elite Male Water Polo Athletes. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fit-ness, 2018, vol. 58, no. 9, рр. 1269–1274. DOI: 10.23736/S0022-4707.17.07208-5
12. Min S.K., Lim S.T., Lee K.K. Differences in Body Composition and Physical Fitness of Korean National Bobsleigh and Skeleton Athletes. Journal Sports Medicine Physical Fitness, 2022, vol. 62, no. 8, рр. 1071–1077. DOI: 10.23736/S0022-4707.21.12700-8
13. Ostachowska-Gąsior A., Piwowar M., Zając J. Segmental Phase Angle and Body Composi-tion Fluctuation of Elite Ski Jumpers between Summer and Winter FIS Competitions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2021, vol. 18, no. 9, p. 4741. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094741
14. Sandbakk Ø., Rasdal V., Bråten S. et al. How Do World-Class Nordic Combined Athletes Differ From Specialized Cross-Country Skiers and Ski Jumpers in Sport-Specific Capacity and Trai¬ning Characteristics? International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 2016, vol. 11, no. 7, рр. 899–906. DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2015-0285
15. Virmavirta M., Kivekäs J. Is it Still Important to be Light in Ski Jumping? Sports Biome-chanics, 2021, vol. 20, no. 4, рр. 407–418. DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2018.1556326
16. Zera J.N., Nagle E.F., Connell E. et al. Gender Differences and the Influence of Body Composition on Land and Pool-Based Assessments of Anaerobic Power and Capacity. Interna-tional Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2022, vol. 19, no. 13, p. 7902. DOI: 10.3390/ ijerph19137902
17. Zimmermann P., Moser O., Eckstein M.L. et al. Athlete's Heart in Elite Biathlon, Nordic Cross-Country and Ski-Mountaineering Athletes: Cardiac Adaptions Determined Using Echocardi-ographic Data. Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease, 2021, vol. 9, no. 1, p. 8. DOI: 10.3390/jcdd9010008
References
1. Bassett D.R. Jr., Howley E.T. Limiting Factors for Maximum Oxygen Uptake and Determi-nants of Endurance Performance. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 2000, vol. 32, no. 1, рр. 70–84. DOI: 10.1097/00005768-200001000-000122. Ben Mansour G., Kacem A., Ishak M. et al. The Effect of Body Composition on Strength and Power in Male and Female Students. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation, 2021, vol. 13, no. 1, p. 150. DOI: 10.1186/s13102-021-00376-z
3. Campa F., Toselli S., Mazzilli M. et al. Assessment of Body Composition in Athletes: A Narrative Review of Available Methods with Special Reference to Quantitative and Qualitative Bioimpedance Analysis. Nutrients, 2021, vol. 13, no. 5, p. 1620. DOI: 10.3390/nu13051620
4. Janura M., Cabell L., Svoboda Z., Elfmark M. Evaluation of Explosive Power Performance in Ski Jumpers and Nordic Combined Competitive Athletes: A 19-Year Study. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2016, vol. 30, no. 1, рр. 71–80. DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001046
5. Jonsson Kårström M., Stöggl T., Ohlsson M.L. et al. Kinematical Effects of Rifle Carriage on Roller Skiing in Well-trained Female and Male Biathletes. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 2023, vol. 33, no. 4, рр. 444–454. DOI: 10.1111/sms.14276
6. Jošt B. The Hierarchical Structure of Selected Morphological and Motoric Variables in Ski Jumping. Human Movement, 2010, vol. 11, no. 2, рр. 124–131. DOI: 10.2478/v10038-010-0016-0
7. Kolnes K.J., Petersen M.H., Lien-Iversen T. et al. Effect of Exercise Training on Fat Loss-Energetic Perspectives and the Role of Improved Adipose Tissue Function and Body Fat Distribu-tion. Frontiers in Physiology, 2021, vol. 12, 737709. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.737709
8. Lichti J., Maggioni M.A., Balcerek B. et al. The Relevance of Body Composition Assess-ment for the Rating of Perceived Exertion in Trained and Untrained Women and Men. Frontiers in Physiology, 2023, vol. 14, 1188802. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1188802
9. Losnegard T., Hallén J. Physiological Differences between Sprint- and Distance-specialized Cross-country Skiers. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 2014, vol. 9, no. 1, рр. 25–31. DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2013-0066
10. Luchsinger H., Kocbach J., Ettema G., Sandbakk Ø. Contribution from Cross-country Ski-ing, Start Time and Shooting Components to the Overall and Isolated Biathlon Pursuit Race Per-formance. PLoS One, 2020, vol. 15, no. 9, e0239057. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239057
11. Melchiorri G., Viero V., Sorge R. et al. Body Composition Analysis to Study Long-term Trai¬ning Effects in Elite Male Water Polo Athletes. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fit-ness, 2018, vol. 58, no. 9, рр. 1269–1274. DOI: 10.23736/S0022-4707.17.07208-5
12. Min S.K., Lim S.T., Lee K.K. Differences in Body Composition and Physical Fitness of Korean National Bobsleigh and Skeleton Athletes. Journal Sports Medicine Physical Fitness, 2022, vol. 62, no. 8, рр. 1071–1077. DOI: 10.23736/S0022-4707.21.12700-8
13. Ostachowska-Gąsior A., Piwowar M., Zając J. Segmental Phase Angle and Body Composi-tion Fluctuation of Elite Ski Jumpers between Summer and Winter FIS Competitions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2021, vol. 18, no. 9, p. 4741. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094741
14. Sandbakk Ø., Rasdal V., Bråten S. et al. How Do World-Class Nordic Combined Athletes Differ From Specialized Cross-Country Skiers and Ski Jumpers in Sport-Specific Capacity and Trai¬ning Characteristics? International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 2016, vol. 11, no. 7, рр. 899–906. DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2015-0285
15. Virmavirta M., Kivekäs J. Is it Still Important to be Light in Ski Jumping? Sports Biome-chanics, 2021, vol. 20, no. 4, рр. 407–418. DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2018.1556326
16. Zera J.N., Nagle E.F., Connell E. et al. Gender Differences and the Influence of Body Composition on Land and Pool-Based Assessments of Anaerobic Power and Capacity. Interna-tional Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2022, vol. 19, no. 13, p. 7902. DOI: 10.3390/ ijerph19137902
17. Zimmermann P., Moser O., Eckstein M.L. et al. Athlete's Heart in Elite Biathlon, Nordic Cross-Country and Ski-Mountaineering Athletes: Cardiac Adaptions Determined Using Echocardi-ographic Data. Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease, 2021, vol. 9, no. 1, p. 8. DOI: 10.3390/jcdd9010008
Опубликован
2026-07-06
Как цитировать
Зебзеев, В., Вулич, М., Зданович, О., Ветров, В., & Рябова, Э. (2026). РАЗЛИЧИЯ В СОСТАВЕ ТЕЛА СПОРТСМЕНОВ В ПРЫЖКАХ НА ЛЫЖАХ С ТРАМПЛИНА, ЛЫЖНОМ ДВОЕБОРЬЕ И БИАТЛОНЕ В ЗАВИСИМОСТИ ОТ ПОЛА. Человек. Спорт. Медицина, 26(1), 16-23. https://doi.org/10.14529/hsm260102
Выпуск
Раздел
Физиология
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