СРАВНИТЕЛЬНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ ФАРМАКОКИНЕТИКИ И ФАРМАКОДИНАМИКИ НОРАДРЕНАЛИНА И АДРЕНАЛИНА ПРИ ИХ ДЕЙСТВИИ НА АРТЕРИИ НА ФОНЕ ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНОЙ РАБОЧЕЙ МЫШЕЧНОЙ ГИПЕРЕМИИ
Ключевые слова:
кролики, артерии, адренорецепторы, адреналин, норадреналин, функциональная рабочая мышечная гиперемия
Аннотация
Цель: провести сравнительный анализ между норадреналином и адреналином при их прессорном действии на адренорецепторы артерий до и при функциональной рабочей мышечной гиперемии (ФРМГ). Материалы и методы. Эксперименты были проведены в четырех сериях опытов на кроликах. Первая серия (S1) – контрольная на норадреналин (n = 20), вторая (S2) – норадреналин (n = 15) при электростимуляции мышц (ФРМГ), третья (S3) – контрольная на адреналин (n = 15), четвертая (S4) – адреналин (n = 15) при электростимуляции мышц. У всех кроликов вместо сердца мышцы задней конечности перфузировали собственной кровью через бедренную артерию насосом постоянного расхода. У всех кроликов после введения 8 возрастающих доз норадреналина (НА) и адреналина (АД) по изменению перфузионного давления в бедренной артерии определяли активность α-адренорецепторов артерий. ФРМГ моделировали электростимуляцией мышц задней конечности. Полученные данные доза-эффект анализировались в двойных обратных координатах Lineweaver – Burk, что позволило определить чувствительность (1/К) α-адренорецепторов к НА и АД, количество активных α-адренорецепторов (Pm). Результаты. На все дозы прессорное действие АД было больше, чем НА в контрольных сериях, на 29 % за счет большего количества активных адренорецепторов (Рм) к АД при одинаковой чувствительности адренорецепторов (1/К) к АД и НА. При ФРМГ прессорное действие адреналина было больше, чем норадреналина, за счет большей чувствительности адренорецепторов (1/К) на 40 % и увеличенного количества (Рм) активных адренорецепторов к адреналину на 29 %. Заключение. Прессорное действие адреналина было больше норадреналина на артерии как в контроле, так и при функциональной рабочей мышечной гиперемии.
Литература
1. Ананьев В.Н., Ананьев Г.В., Ананьева О.В. Значение адренорецепторов артерий при симпатолизисе в регуляции кровотока в работающих мышцах // Человек. Спорт. Медицина. 2023. Т. 23, № 2. С. 61–68. [Ananev V.N., Ananev G.V., Ananeva O.V. The Importance of Arterial Adrenoceptors in Sympatholysis in the Regulation of Blood Flow in Working Muscles. Human. Sport. Medicine, 2023, vol. 23 (2), pp. 61–68. (in Russ.)] DOI: 10.14529/hsm230208
2. Buckwalter J.B., Clifford P.S. Alpha-Adrenergic Vasoconstriction in Active Skeletal Muscles During Dynamic Exercise. American Journal Physiology, 1999, vol. 277, pp. 33–39. DOI: 10.1152/ ajpheart.1999.277.1.H33
3. Burton D.A., Stokes K., Hall G.M. Physiological Effects of Exercise. Continuing Education Anaesthesia Crit Care Pain, 2004, vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 185–188. DOI: 10.1093/bjaceaccp/mkh050
4. Cooper I.R., Just T.P., DeLorey D.S. β-Adrenoreceptors do not Oppose Sympathetic Vaso-constriction in Resting and Contracting Skeletal Muscle of Male Rats. Appl. Physiology, Nutr. Me-tabolism, 2019, vol. 44, pp. 1230–1236.
5. DeLorey D.S. Sympathetic Vasoconstriction in Skeletal Muscle: Modulatory Effects of Aging, Exercise Training, and Sex. Appl Physiology Nutr Metab., 2021, vol. 46 (12), pp. 1437–1447. DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2021-0399
6. DeLorey D.S., Clifford P.S. Does Sympathetic Vasoconstriction Contribute to Metabolism: Perfusion Matching in Exercising Skeletal Muscle? Front Physiology, 2022, vol. 13, 980524. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.980524
7. Fletcher N.M., Murrant C.L. Microvascular Arteriolar Reactivity in Response to Skeletal Muscle Contractions in Female and Male Hamsters. Physiology Rep., 2025, vol. 13 (23), e70655. DOI: 10.14814/phy2.70655
8. Goldstein D.S. Peripheral Catecholamine Systems: an Evolutionary Perspective. American Journal Physiology Regulation Integr Comp Physiology, 2025, vol. 329 (6), pp. 1032–1052. DOI: 10.1152/ ajpregu.00169
9. Hearon C.M.Jr., Kirby B.S., Luckasen G.J. et al. Endothelium-dependent Vasodilatory Signalling Modulates α1-Adrenergic Vasoconstriction in Contracting Skeletal Muscle of Humans. Journal Physiology, 2016, vol. 594 (24), pp. 7435–7453. DOI: 10.1113/JP272829
10. Heinonen I., Wendelin-Saarenhovi M., Kaskinoro K. et al. Inhibition of α-Adrenergic Tone Disturbs the Distribution of Blood Flow in the Exercising Human Limb. American Journal Physiology Heart Circ. Physiology, 2013, vol. 305, pp. 163–172. DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00925.2012
11. Holwerda S.W., Restaino R.M., Fadel P.J. Adrenergic and Non-adrenergic Control of Active Skeletal Muscle Blood Flow: Implications for Blood Pressure Regulation During Exercise. Auton Neuroscience, 2015, vol. 188, pp. 24–31. DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2014.10.010
12. Hooijmans M.T., Jeneson J.A.L., Jørstad H.T., Bakermans A.J. Exercise MR of Skeletal Muscles, the Heart, and the Brain. Journal Magn Reson Imaging, 2025, vol. 61 (2), pp. 535–560. DOI: 10.1002/jmri.29445
13. Jeneson J.A.L., van den Berg-Faay A.M., Hooijmans M.T. Correlates of Exercise Hyperemia and Muscle Energetics in the Human Upper Arm. bioRxiv [Preprint], 2025. DOI: 10.1101/2025.10.17. 682308
14. Kvetnansky R., Sun C.L., Lake C.R. et al. Effect of Handling and Forced Immobilization on Rat Plasma Levels of Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, and Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase. Endocrinology, 1978, vol. 103, pp. 1868–1874, PMID: 748021. DOI: 10.1210/endo-103-5-1868
15. Mortensen S.P., Gonza´lez-Alonso J., Damsgaard R. et al. Inhibition of Nitric Oxide and Prostaglandins, but not Endothelial-derived Hyperpolarizing Factors, Reduces Blood Flow and Aerobic Energy Turnover in the Exercising Human Leg. Journal Physiology, 2007, vol. 581, pp. 853– 861.
16. Pałka T., Rydzik Ł., Tota Ł. et al. Concentration Levels of Selected Hormones in Judokas and the Extent of Their Changes During a Special Performance Test at Different Ambient Tem-peratures. BMC Sports Science Medicine Rehabilitation, 2023, vol. 15 (1), 140. DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00751-y
17. Pantazopoulos I., Boutsikos I., Mavrovounis G. et al. Stress Hormones Kinetics in Ventricular Fibrillation Cardiac Arrest and Resuscitation: Translational and Therapeutic Implications. American Journal Emerg Medicine, 2021, vol. 50, pp. 14–21. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2021.07.016
18. Rosales-Islas V., Montes-García J.F., Ramírez-Paz-Y-Puente G.A. et al. Epinephrine and Norepinephrine Increase the Growth and Expression of Adhesins and Proteases in Mannheimia Haemolytica. Microb Pathog., 2026 vol. 211, 108250. DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2025.108250
19. Sheriff D.D., Rowell L.B., Scher A.M. Is Rapid Rise in Vascular Conductance at Onset of Dynamic Exercise due to Muscle Pump? American Journal Physiology, 1993, vol. 265 (4 Pt 2), pp. 1227–1234. DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart
20. Terwoord J.D., Dinenno F.A., Richards J.C., Hearon C.M.Jr. Endogenous Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor Signaling Blunts α1-adrenergic Vasoconstriction During Higher-intensity Handgrip Exercise in Humans. American Journal Physiology Regul Integr Comp Physiology, 2025, vol. 328 (6), pp. 619–627. DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00305.2024
21. Wray D.W., Fadel P.J., Smith M.L. et al. Inhibition of Alpha-adrenergic Vasoconstriction in Exercising Human Thigh Muscles. Journal Physiology, 2004, vol. 555, pp. 545–563. DOI: 10.1113/ jphysiol.2003.054650
2. Buckwalter J.B., Clifford P.S. Alpha-Adrenergic Vasoconstriction in Active Skeletal Muscles During Dynamic Exercise. American Journal Physiology, 1999, vol. 277, pp. 33–39. DOI: 10.1152/ ajpheart.1999.277.1.H33
3. Burton D.A., Stokes K., Hall G.M. Physiological Effects of Exercise. Continuing Education Anaesthesia Crit Care Pain, 2004, vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 185–188. DOI: 10.1093/bjaceaccp/mkh050
4. Cooper I.R., Just T.P., DeLorey D.S. β-Adrenoreceptors do not Oppose Sympathetic Vaso-constriction in Resting and Contracting Skeletal Muscle of Male Rats. Appl. Physiology, Nutr. Me-tabolism, 2019, vol. 44, pp. 1230–1236.
5. DeLorey D.S. Sympathetic Vasoconstriction in Skeletal Muscle: Modulatory Effects of Aging, Exercise Training, and Sex. Appl Physiology Nutr Metab., 2021, vol. 46 (12), pp. 1437–1447. DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2021-0399
6. DeLorey D.S., Clifford P.S. Does Sympathetic Vasoconstriction Contribute to Metabolism: Perfusion Matching in Exercising Skeletal Muscle? Front Physiology, 2022, vol. 13, 980524. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.980524
7. Fletcher N.M., Murrant C.L. Microvascular Arteriolar Reactivity in Response to Skeletal Muscle Contractions in Female and Male Hamsters. Physiology Rep., 2025, vol. 13 (23), e70655. DOI: 10.14814/phy2.70655
8. Goldstein D.S. Peripheral Catecholamine Systems: an Evolutionary Perspective. American Journal Physiology Regulation Integr Comp Physiology, 2025, vol. 329 (6), pp. 1032–1052. DOI: 10.1152/ ajpregu.00169
9. Hearon C.M.Jr., Kirby B.S., Luckasen G.J. et al. Endothelium-dependent Vasodilatory Signalling Modulates α1-Adrenergic Vasoconstriction in Contracting Skeletal Muscle of Humans. Journal Physiology, 2016, vol. 594 (24), pp. 7435–7453. DOI: 10.1113/JP272829
10. Heinonen I., Wendelin-Saarenhovi M., Kaskinoro K. et al. Inhibition of α-Adrenergic Tone Disturbs the Distribution of Blood Flow in the Exercising Human Limb. American Journal Physiology Heart Circ. Physiology, 2013, vol. 305, pp. 163–172. DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00925.2012
11. Holwerda S.W., Restaino R.M., Fadel P.J. Adrenergic and Non-adrenergic Control of Active Skeletal Muscle Blood Flow: Implications for Blood Pressure Regulation During Exercise. Auton Neuroscience, 2015, vol. 188, pp. 24–31. DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2014.10.010
12. Hooijmans M.T., Jeneson J.A.L., Jørstad H.T., Bakermans A.J. Exercise MR of Skeletal Muscles, the Heart, and the Brain. Journal Magn Reson Imaging, 2025, vol. 61 (2), pp. 535–560. DOI: 10.1002/jmri.29445
13. Jeneson J.A.L., van den Berg-Faay A.M., Hooijmans M.T. Correlates of Exercise Hyperemia and Muscle Energetics in the Human Upper Arm. bioRxiv [Preprint], 2025. DOI: 10.1101/2025.10.17. 682308
14. Kvetnansky R., Sun C.L., Lake C.R. et al. Effect of Handling and Forced Immobilization on Rat Plasma Levels of Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, and Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase. Endocrinology, 1978, vol. 103, pp. 1868–1874, PMID: 748021. DOI: 10.1210/endo-103-5-1868
15. Mortensen S.P., Gonza´lez-Alonso J., Damsgaard R. et al. Inhibition of Nitric Oxide and Prostaglandins, but not Endothelial-derived Hyperpolarizing Factors, Reduces Blood Flow and Aerobic Energy Turnover in the Exercising Human Leg. Journal Physiology, 2007, vol. 581, pp. 853– 861.
16. Pałka T., Rydzik Ł., Tota Ł. et al. Concentration Levels of Selected Hormones in Judokas and the Extent of Their Changes During a Special Performance Test at Different Ambient Tem-peratures. BMC Sports Science Medicine Rehabilitation, 2023, vol. 15 (1), 140. DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00751-y
17. Pantazopoulos I., Boutsikos I., Mavrovounis G. et al. Stress Hormones Kinetics in Ventricular Fibrillation Cardiac Arrest and Resuscitation: Translational and Therapeutic Implications. American Journal Emerg Medicine, 2021, vol. 50, pp. 14–21. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2021.07.016
18. Rosales-Islas V., Montes-García J.F., Ramírez-Paz-Y-Puente G.A. et al. Epinephrine and Norepinephrine Increase the Growth and Expression of Adhesins and Proteases in Mannheimia Haemolytica. Microb Pathog., 2026 vol. 211, 108250. DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2025.108250
19. Sheriff D.D., Rowell L.B., Scher A.M. Is Rapid Rise in Vascular Conductance at Onset of Dynamic Exercise due to Muscle Pump? American Journal Physiology, 1993, vol. 265 (4 Pt 2), pp. 1227–1234. DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart
20. Terwoord J.D., Dinenno F.A., Richards J.C., Hearon C.M.Jr. Endogenous Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor Signaling Blunts α1-adrenergic Vasoconstriction During Higher-intensity Handgrip Exercise in Humans. American Journal Physiology Regul Integr Comp Physiology, 2025, vol. 328 (6), pp. 619–627. DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00305.2024
21. Wray D.W., Fadel P.J., Smith M.L. et al. Inhibition of Alpha-adrenergic Vasoconstriction in Exercising Human Thigh Muscles. Journal Physiology, 2004, vol. 555, pp. 545–563. DOI: 10.1113/ jphysiol.2003.054650
2. Buckwalter J.B., Clifford P.S. Alpha-Adrenergic Vasoconstriction in Active Skeletal Muscles During Dynamic Exercise. American Journal Physiology, 1999, vol. 277, pp. 33–39. DOI: 10.1152/ ajpheart.1999.277.1.H33
3. Burton D.A., Stokes K., Hall G.M. Physiological Effects of Exercise. Continuing Education Anaesthesia Crit Care Pain, 2004, vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 185–188. DOI: 10.1093/bjaceaccp/mkh050
4. Cooper I.R., Just T.P., DeLorey D.S. β-Adrenoreceptors do not Oppose Sympathetic Vaso-constriction in Resting and Contracting Skeletal Muscle of Male Rats. Appl. Physiology, Nutr. Me-tabolism, 2019, vol. 44, pp. 1230–1236.
5. DeLorey D.S. Sympathetic Vasoconstriction in Skeletal Muscle: Modulatory Effects of Aging, Exercise Training, and Sex. Appl Physiology Nutr Metab., 2021, vol. 46 (12), pp. 1437–1447. DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2021-0399
6. DeLorey D.S., Clifford P.S. Does Sympathetic Vasoconstriction Contribute to Metabolism: Perfusion Matching in Exercising Skeletal Muscle? Front Physiology, 2022, vol. 13, 980524. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.980524
7. Fletcher N.M., Murrant C.L. Microvascular Arteriolar Reactivity in Response to Skeletal Muscle Contractions in Female and Male Hamsters. Physiology Rep., 2025, vol. 13 (23), e70655. DOI: 10.14814/phy2.70655
8. Goldstein D.S. Peripheral Catecholamine Systems: an Evolutionary Perspective. American Journal Physiology Regulation Integr Comp Physiology, 2025, vol. 329 (6), pp. 1032–1052. DOI: 10.1152/ ajpregu.00169
9. Hearon C.M.Jr., Kirby B.S., Luckasen G.J. et al. Endothelium-dependent Vasodilatory Signalling Modulates α1-Adrenergic Vasoconstriction in Contracting Skeletal Muscle of Humans. Journal Physiology, 2016, vol. 594 (24), pp. 7435–7453. DOI: 10.1113/JP272829
10. Heinonen I., Wendelin-Saarenhovi M., Kaskinoro K. et al. Inhibition of α-Adrenergic Tone Disturbs the Distribution of Blood Flow in the Exercising Human Limb. American Journal Physiology Heart Circ. Physiology, 2013, vol. 305, pp. 163–172. DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00925.2012
11. Holwerda S.W., Restaino R.M., Fadel P.J. Adrenergic and Non-adrenergic Control of Active Skeletal Muscle Blood Flow: Implications for Blood Pressure Regulation During Exercise. Auton Neuroscience, 2015, vol. 188, pp. 24–31. DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2014.10.010
12. Hooijmans M.T., Jeneson J.A.L., Jørstad H.T., Bakermans A.J. Exercise MR of Skeletal Muscles, the Heart, and the Brain. Journal Magn Reson Imaging, 2025, vol. 61 (2), pp. 535–560. DOI: 10.1002/jmri.29445
13. Jeneson J.A.L., van den Berg-Faay A.M., Hooijmans M.T. Correlates of Exercise Hyperemia and Muscle Energetics in the Human Upper Arm. bioRxiv [Preprint], 2025. DOI: 10.1101/2025.10.17. 682308
14. Kvetnansky R., Sun C.L., Lake C.R. et al. Effect of Handling and Forced Immobilization on Rat Plasma Levels of Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, and Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase. Endocrinology, 1978, vol. 103, pp. 1868–1874, PMID: 748021. DOI: 10.1210/endo-103-5-1868
15. Mortensen S.P., Gonza´lez-Alonso J., Damsgaard R. et al. Inhibition of Nitric Oxide and Prostaglandins, but not Endothelial-derived Hyperpolarizing Factors, Reduces Blood Flow and Aerobic Energy Turnover in the Exercising Human Leg. Journal Physiology, 2007, vol. 581, pp. 853– 861.
16. Pałka T., Rydzik Ł., Tota Ł. et al. Concentration Levels of Selected Hormones in Judokas and the Extent of Their Changes During a Special Performance Test at Different Ambient Tem-peratures. BMC Sports Science Medicine Rehabilitation, 2023, vol. 15 (1), 140. DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00751-y
17. Pantazopoulos I., Boutsikos I., Mavrovounis G. et al. Stress Hormones Kinetics in Ventricular Fibrillation Cardiac Arrest and Resuscitation: Translational and Therapeutic Implications. American Journal Emerg Medicine, 2021, vol. 50, pp. 14–21. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2021.07.016
18. Rosales-Islas V., Montes-García J.F., Ramírez-Paz-Y-Puente G.A. et al. Epinephrine and Norepinephrine Increase the Growth and Expression of Adhesins and Proteases in Mannheimia Haemolytica. Microb Pathog., 2026 vol. 211, 108250. DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2025.108250
19. Sheriff D.D., Rowell L.B., Scher A.M. Is Rapid Rise in Vascular Conductance at Onset of Dynamic Exercise due to Muscle Pump? American Journal Physiology, 1993, vol. 265 (4 Pt 2), pp. 1227–1234. DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart
20. Terwoord J.D., Dinenno F.A., Richards J.C., Hearon C.M.Jr. Endogenous Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor Signaling Blunts α1-adrenergic Vasoconstriction During Higher-intensity Handgrip Exercise in Humans. American Journal Physiology Regul Integr Comp Physiology, 2025, vol. 328 (6), pp. 619–627. DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00305.2024
21. Wray D.W., Fadel P.J., Smith M.L. et al. Inhibition of Alpha-adrenergic Vasoconstriction in Exercising Human Thigh Muscles. Journal Physiology, 2004, vol. 555, pp. 545–563. DOI: 10.1113/ jphysiol.2003.054650
References
1. Ананьев В.Н., Ананьев Г.В., Ананьева О.В. Значение адренорецепторов артерий при симпатолизисе в регуляции кровотока в работающих мышцах // Человек. Спорт. Медицина. 2023. Т. 23, № 2. С. 61–68. [Ananev V.N., Ananev G.V., Ananeva O.V. The Importance of Arterial Adrenoceptors in Sympatholysis in the Regulation of Blood Flow in Working Muscles. Human. Sport. Medicine, 2023, vol. 23 (2), pp. 61–68. (in Russ.)] DOI: 10.14529/hsm2302082. Buckwalter J.B., Clifford P.S. Alpha-Adrenergic Vasoconstriction in Active Skeletal Muscles During Dynamic Exercise. American Journal Physiology, 1999, vol. 277, pp. 33–39. DOI: 10.1152/ ajpheart.1999.277.1.H33
3. Burton D.A., Stokes K., Hall G.M. Physiological Effects of Exercise. Continuing Education Anaesthesia Crit Care Pain, 2004, vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 185–188. DOI: 10.1093/bjaceaccp/mkh050
4. Cooper I.R., Just T.P., DeLorey D.S. β-Adrenoreceptors do not Oppose Sympathetic Vaso-constriction in Resting and Contracting Skeletal Muscle of Male Rats. Appl. Physiology, Nutr. Me-tabolism, 2019, vol. 44, pp. 1230–1236.
5. DeLorey D.S. Sympathetic Vasoconstriction in Skeletal Muscle: Modulatory Effects of Aging, Exercise Training, and Sex. Appl Physiology Nutr Metab., 2021, vol. 46 (12), pp. 1437–1447. DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2021-0399
6. DeLorey D.S., Clifford P.S. Does Sympathetic Vasoconstriction Contribute to Metabolism: Perfusion Matching in Exercising Skeletal Muscle? Front Physiology, 2022, vol. 13, 980524. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.980524
7. Fletcher N.M., Murrant C.L. Microvascular Arteriolar Reactivity in Response to Skeletal Muscle Contractions in Female and Male Hamsters. Physiology Rep., 2025, vol. 13 (23), e70655. DOI: 10.14814/phy2.70655
8. Goldstein D.S. Peripheral Catecholamine Systems: an Evolutionary Perspective. American Journal Physiology Regulation Integr Comp Physiology, 2025, vol. 329 (6), pp. 1032–1052. DOI: 10.1152/ ajpregu.00169
9. Hearon C.M.Jr., Kirby B.S., Luckasen G.J. et al. Endothelium-dependent Vasodilatory Signalling Modulates α1-Adrenergic Vasoconstriction in Contracting Skeletal Muscle of Humans. Journal Physiology, 2016, vol. 594 (24), pp. 7435–7453. DOI: 10.1113/JP272829
10. Heinonen I., Wendelin-Saarenhovi M., Kaskinoro K. et al. Inhibition of α-Adrenergic Tone Disturbs the Distribution of Blood Flow in the Exercising Human Limb. American Journal Physiology Heart Circ. Physiology, 2013, vol. 305, pp. 163–172. DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00925.2012
11. Holwerda S.W., Restaino R.M., Fadel P.J. Adrenergic and Non-adrenergic Control of Active Skeletal Muscle Blood Flow: Implications for Blood Pressure Regulation During Exercise. Auton Neuroscience, 2015, vol. 188, pp. 24–31. DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2014.10.010
12. Hooijmans M.T., Jeneson J.A.L., Jørstad H.T., Bakermans A.J. Exercise MR of Skeletal Muscles, the Heart, and the Brain. Journal Magn Reson Imaging, 2025, vol. 61 (2), pp. 535–560. DOI: 10.1002/jmri.29445
13. Jeneson J.A.L., van den Berg-Faay A.M., Hooijmans M.T. Correlates of Exercise Hyperemia and Muscle Energetics in the Human Upper Arm. bioRxiv [Preprint], 2025. DOI: 10.1101/2025.10.17. 682308
14. Kvetnansky R., Sun C.L., Lake C.R. et al. Effect of Handling and Forced Immobilization on Rat Plasma Levels of Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, and Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase. Endocrinology, 1978, vol. 103, pp. 1868–1874, PMID: 748021. DOI: 10.1210/endo-103-5-1868
15. Mortensen S.P., Gonza´lez-Alonso J., Damsgaard R. et al. Inhibition of Nitric Oxide and Prostaglandins, but not Endothelial-derived Hyperpolarizing Factors, Reduces Blood Flow and Aerobic Energy Turnover in the Exercising Human Leg. Journal Physiology, 2007, vol. 581, pp. 853– 861.
16. Pałka T., Rydzik Ł., Tota Ł. et al. Concentration Levels of Selected Hormones in Judokas and the Extent of Their Changes During a Special Performance Test at Different Ambient Tem-peratures. BMC Sports Science Medicine Rehabilitation, 2023, vol. 15 (1), 140. DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00751-y
17. Pantazopoulos I., Boutsikos I., Mavrovounis G. et al. Stress Hormones Kinetics in Ventricular Fibrillation Cardiac Arrest and Resuscitation: Translational and Therapeutic Implications. American Journal Emerg Medicine, 2021, vol. 50, pp. 14–21. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2021.07.016
18. Rosales-Islas V., Montes-García J.F., Ramírez-Paz-Y-Puente G.A. et al. Epinephrine and Norepinephrine Increase the Growth and Expression of Adhesins and Proteases in Mannheimia Haemolytica. Microb Pathog., 2026 vol. 211, 108250. DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2025.108250
19. Sheriff D.D., Rowell L.B., Scher A.M. Is Rapid Rise in Vascular Conductance at Onset of Dynamic Exercise due to Muscle Pump? American Journal Physiology, 1993, vol. 265 (4 Pt 2), pp. 1227–1234. DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart
20. Terwoord J.D., Dinenno F.A., Richards J.C., Hearon C.M.Jr. Endogenous Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor Signaling Blunts α1-adrenergic Vasoconstriction During Higher-intensity Handgrip Exercise in Humans. American Journal Physiology Regul Integr Comp Physiology, 2025, vol. 328 (6), pp. 619–627. DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00305.2024
21. Wray D.W., Fadel P.J., Smith M.L. et al. Inhibition of Alpha-adrenergic Vasoconstriction in Exercising Human Thigh Muscles. Journal Physiology, 2004, vol. 555, pp. 545–563. DOI: 10.1113/ jphysiol.2003.054650
Опубликован
2026-10-01
Как цитировать
Ананьев, В., Ананьев, Г., Ананьева, О., Прокопьев, Н., & Гуртовой, Е. (2026). СРАВНИТЕЛЬНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ ФАРМАКОКИНЕТИКИ И ФАРМАКОДИНАМИКИ НОРАДРЕНАЛИНА И АДРЕНАЛИНА ПРИ ИХ ДЕЙСТВИИ НА АРТЕРИИ НА ФОНЕ ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНОЙ РАБОЧЕЙ МЫШЕЧНОЙ ГИПЕРЕМИИ. Человек. Спорт. Медицина, 26(3), 7-15. https://doi.org/10.14529/hsm260301
Выпуск
Раздел
Физиология
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