ГЕШТАЛЬТ-ВОСПРИЯТИЕ ТЕХНИКИ СПОРТИВНОГО ДВИЖЕНИЯ
Ключевые слова:
техника движения, качественный биомеханический анализ, перцептивные процессы, гештальт, интуиция, эйдетизм, бессознательное
Аннотация
Цель: выявить способность тренеров к целостному восприятию техники спортивных движений. Материалы и методы. Изучение литературы по психологии и спортивной биомеханике, скоростная видеосъемка, математико-статистический анализ. Для исследования было отснято видео (250 кадров в секунду) спринтерского бега 5 спортсменов. Спортсмены имели выраженные технические ошибки в беге. На основе этих видеофайлов были созданы точные видеоанимации с движением скелетонов – палочковых моделей на однотонном фоне. Задача 14 тренеров по лёгкой атлетике сводилась к правильному сопоставлению видеозаписей бега со скелетонами. Результаты. Исследование показало, что тренеры использовали различные ментальные способы восприятия движения. Одни тренеры полагались на целостное восприятие, другие стремились разложить технику на совокупность углов и других кинематических характеристик, получив как можно больше числовой информации. Гештальт-восприятие движения оказалось более эффективным по сравнению с аналитическим подходом, так как позволяло воспринимать спортивную технику точнее, затрачивая на это меньше времени. Спортивный и тренерский опыт в годах незначительно способствуют гештальт-восприятию, (r = 0,25 и r = 0,21 соответственно). Возраст и способность целостно воспринимать движение не коррелирует (r = 0,08). Максимальную связь с гештальт-восприятием имеют спортивные достижения самого тренера (r = 0,89). Заключение. Гештальт-восприятие спортивной техники является высшей формой организации когнитивных процессов познания и оценки двигательного действия. Целостное восприятие движения позволяет оперативнее и точнее выполнять качественный биомеханический анализ. Данная способность формируется в процессе тренерской деятельности, а также зависит от спортивных достижений.
Литература
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15. Perceptual-Cognitive Expertise when Refereeing the Scrum in Rugby Union / L.J. Moore, D.J. Harris, B.T. Sharpe et al. // Journal of Sports Sciences. – 2019. – No. 15 (37). – P. 1778–1786. DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1594568
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20. Visual Control of Human Locomotion / H.N. Rozorinov, N.I. Chichikalo, E.H. Arkhiiereieva, E.Yu. Larina // 4th International Conference on Nanotechnologies and Biomedical Engineering, 2020. – P. 411–416. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-31866-6_75
2. Husserl E. Izbrannye raboty [Selected Works]. Moscow, Territory of the Future Publ., 2005. 464 p.
3. Donskoy D.D. Biomehanika s osnovami sportivnoj tehniki [Biomechanics with the Basics of Sports Technique]. Moscow, Physical Culture and Sport Publ., 1971. 287 p.
4. Korenberg V.B. Osnovy kachestvennogo biomehanicheskogo analiza [Fundamentals of Qualitative Biomechanical Analysis]. Moscow, Physical Culture and Sport Publ., 1979. 208 p.
5. Piaget J. Jeksperimental'naya psihologiya [Experimental Psychology]. Moscow, Progress Publ., 1978. 302 p.
6. Bernstein N. The Coordination And Regulation Of Movements: Internet Archive. Pergamon Press Ltd. Available at: https://archive.org/details/bernsteinthecoordinationandregulationofmovements/ page/n4/mode/2up (accessed 23.02.2020).
7. Beveridge S.K., Gangstead S.K. Teaching Experience and Training in the Sports Skill Analysis Process. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 2016, no. 2 (7), pp. 103–114. DOI: 10.1123/jtpe.7.2.103
8. Waters A., Phillips E., Panchuk D., Dawson A. Coach and Biomechanist Knowledge of Sprint Running Technique. 35th Conference of the International Society of Biomechanics in Sports, 2017, pp. 839–842.
9. Čoh M. Usain Bold – Biomechanical Model of Sprint Technique. Facta Universitatis, Series: Physical Education and Sport, 2019, no. 1 (17), pp. 1–13. DOI: 10.22190/FUPES190304003C
10. Dyer J.F., Stapleton P., Rodger M. Mapping Sonification for Perception and Action in Motor Skill Learning. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 2017, no. 11463. DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.0046
11. Rochat N., Gesbert V., Seifert L., Hauw D. Enacting Phenomenological Gestalts in Ultra-Trail Running: An Inductive Analysis of Trail Runners’ Courses of Experience. Frontiers in Psychology, 2018, no. 9, pp. 2038. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02038
12. Krakauer J. W., Hadjiosif A.M., Xu J. et al. Motor Learning. Comprehensive Physiology, 2019, no. 2 (9), pp. 613–663. DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c170043
13. Bloechle J., Huber S., Klein E. et al. Neuro-Cognitive Mechanisms of Global Gestalt Perception in Visual Quantification. NeuroImage, 2018, no. 181, pp. 359–369. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.07.026
14. Park Y., Yang J. Efficacy of Gestalt Visual Motor Integration Learning (GVMIL) to Improve Visual Perception in Children with Autism. Journal of Digital Contents Society, 2019, no. 5 (20), pp. 1039–1049. DOI: 10.9728/dcs.2019.20.5.1039
15. Moore L.J., Harris D.J., Sharpe B.T. et al. Perceptual-Cognitive Expertise when Refereeing the Scrum in Rugby Union. Journal of Sports Sciences, 2019, no. 15 (37), pp. 1778–1786. DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1594568
16. Pizzera A., Möller C., Plessner H. Gaze Behavior of Gymnastics Judges: Where Do Experienced Judges and Gymnasts Look While Judging? Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 2018, no. 1 (89), pp. 112–119. DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2017.1412392
17. Sherwood D.E., Lee T.D. Schema Theory: Critical Review and Implications for the Role of Cognition in a New Theory of Motor Learning. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 2003, no. 4 (74), pp. 376–382. DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2003.10609107
18. Thornton I.M., Pinto J., Shiffrar M. The Visual Perception of Human Locomotion. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 1998, no. 6–8 (15), pp. 535–552. DOI: 10.1080/026432998381014
19. Puig-Diví A., Escalona-Marfil C., Padullés-Riu J.M. et al. Validity and Reliability of the Kinovea Program in Obtaining Angles and Distances Using Coordinates in 4 Perspectives. PLOS ONE, 2019, no. 6 (14), pp. 1–14. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216448
20. Rozorinov H.N., Chichikalo N. I., Arkhiiereieva E.H., Larina E. Yu. Visual Control of Human Locomotion. 4th International Conference on Nanotechnologies and Biomedical Engineering, 2020, pp. 411–416. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-31866-6_75
2. Гуссерль, Э. Избранные работы / ред. А.В. Куренной. – М.: Издат. дом «Территория будущего», 2005. – 464 c.
3. Донской, Д.Д. Биомеханика с основами спортивной техники / Д.Д. Донской. – М.: ФиС, 1971. – 287 c.
4. Коренберг, В.Б. Основы качественного биомеханического анализа / В.Б. Коренберг. – М.: ФиС, 1979. – 208 c.
5. Пиаже, Ж. Экспериментальная психология / Ж. Пиаже. – М.: Прогресс, 1978. – 302 c.
6. Bernstein, N. The Coordination and Regulation Of Movements : Internet Archive / Pergamon Press Ltd. – https://archive.org/details/bernsteinthecoor-dinationandregulationofmove-ments/page/n4/mode/2up (дата обращения: 23.02.2020).
7. Beveridge, S.K. Teaching Experience and Training in the Sports Skill Analysis Process / S.K. Beveridge, S.K. Gangstead // Journal of Teaching in Physical Education. – 2016. – No. 2 (7). – C. 103–114. DOI: 10.1123/jtpe.7.2.103
8. Coach and Biomechanist Knowledge of Sprint Running Technique / A. Waters, E. Phillips, D. Panchuk, A. Dawson // 35th Conference of the International Society of Biomechanics in Sports, Cologne, Germany, June 14–18, 2017. – C. 839–842.
9. Čoh, M. Usain Bold – Biomechanical Model of Sprint Technique / M. Čoh // Facta Universitatis, Series: Physical Education and Sport. – 2019. – No. 1 (17). – С. 1–13. DOI: 10.22190/FUPES190304003C
10. Dyer, J.F. Mapping Sonification for Perception and Action in Motor Skill Learning / J.F. Dyer, P. Stapleton, M. Rodger // Frontiers in Neuroscience. – 2017. – No. 11. – P. 463. DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.0046
11. Enacting Phenomenological Gestalts in Ultra-Trail Running: An Inductive Analysis of Trail Runners’ Courses of Experience / N. Rochat, V. Gesbert, L. Seifert, D. Hauw // Frontiers in Psychology. – 2018. – No. 9. – P. 2038. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02038
12. Motor Learning / J.W. Krakauer, A.M. Hadjiosif, J. Xu et al. // Comprehensive Physiology. – 2019. – No. 2 (9). – P. 613–663. DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c170043
13. Neuro-Cognitive Mechanisms of Global Gestalt Perception in Visual Quantification / J. Bloechle, S. Huber, E. Klein et al. // Neuro-Image. – 2018. – No. 181. – P. 359–369. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.07.026
14. Park, Y. Efficacy of Gestalt Visual Motor Integration Learning (GVMIL) to Improve Visual Perception in Children with Autism / Y. Park, J. Yang // Journal of Digital Contents Society. – 2019. – No. 5 (20). – P. 1039–1049. DOI: 10.9728/dcs.2019.20.5.1039
15. Perceptual-Cognitive Expertise when Refereeing the Scrum in Rugby Union / L.J. Moore, D.J. Harris, B.T. Sharpe et al. // Journal of Sports Sciences. – 2019. – No. 15 (37). – P. 1778–1786. DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1594568
16. Pizzera, A. Gaze Behavior of Gymnastics Judges: Where Do Experienced Judges and Gymnasts Look While Judging? / A. Pizzera, C.Möller, H. Plessner // Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport. – 2018. – No. 1 (89). – P. 112–119. DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2017.1412392
17. Sherwood, D.E. Schema Theory: Critical Review and Implications for the Role of Cognition in a New Theory of Motor Learning / D.E. Sherwood, T.D. Lee // Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport. – 2003. – No. 4 (74). – P. 376–382. DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2003.10609107
18. Thornton, I.M. The Visual Perception of Human Locomotion / I.M. Thornton, J. Pinto, M. Shiffrar // Cognitive Neuropsychology. – 1998. – No. 6-8 (15). – C. 535–552. DOI: 10.1080/026432998381014
19. Validity and Reliability of the Kinovea Program in Obtaining Angles and Distances Using Coordinates in 4 Perspectives / A. Puig-Diví, C. Escalona-Marfil, J.M. Padullés-Riu et al. // PLOS ONE. – 2019. – No. 6 (14). – P. 1–14. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216448
20. Visual Control of Human Locomotion / H.N. Rozorinov, N.I. Chichikalo, E.H. Arkhiiereieva, E.Yu. Larina // 4th International Conference on Nanotechnologies and Biomedical Engineering, 2020. – P. 411–416. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-31866-6_75
References
1. Wertheimer M. Produktivnoe myshlenie [Productive Thinking]. Moscow, Progress Publ., 1987. 336 p.2. Husserl E. Izbrannye raboty [Selected Works]. Moscow, Territory of the Future Publ., 2005. 464 p.
3. Donskoy D.D. Biomehanika s osnovami sportivnoj tehniki [Biomechanics with the Basics of Sports Technique]. Moscow, Physical Culture and Sport Publ., 1971. 287 p.
4. Korenberg V.B. Osnovy kachestvennogo biomehanicheskogo analiza [Fundamentals of Qualitative Biomechanical Analysis]. Moscow, Physical Culture and Sport Publ., 1979. 208 p.
5. Piaget J. Jeksperimental'naya psihologiya [Experimental Psychology]. Moscow, Progress Publ., 1978. 302 p.
6. Bernstein N. The Coordination And Regulation Of Movements: Internet Archive. Pergamon Press Ltd. Available at: https://archive.org/details/bernsteinthecoordinationandregulationofmovements/ page/n4/mode/2up (accessed 23.02.2020).
7. Beveridge S.K., Gangstead S.K. Teaching Experience and Training in the Sports Skill Analysis Process. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 2016, no. 2 (7), pp. 103–114. DOI: 10.1123/jtpe.7.2.103
8. Waters A., Phillips E., Panchuk D., Dawson A. Coach and Biomechanist Knowledge of Sprint Running Technique. 35th Conference of the International Society of Biomechanics in Sports, 2017, pp. 839–842.
9. Čoh M. Usain Bold – Biomechanical Model of Sprint Technique. Facta Universitatis, Series: Physical Education and Sport, 2019, no. 1 (17), pp. 1–13. DOI: 10.22190/FUPES190304003C
10. Dyer J.F., Stapleton P., Rodger M. Mapping Sonification for Perception and Action in Motor Skill Learning. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 2017, no. 11463. DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.0046
11. Rochat N., Gesbert V., Seifert L., Hauw D. Enacting Phenomenological Gestalts in Ultra-Trail Running: An Inductive Analysis of Trail Runners’ Courses of Experience. Frontiers in Psychology, 2018, no. 9, pp. 2038. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02038
12. Krakauer J. W., Hadjiosif A.M., Xu J. et al. Motor Learning. Comprehensive Physiology, 2019, no. 2 (9), pp. 613–663. DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c170043
13. Bloechle J., Huber S., Klein E. et al. Neuro-Cognitive Mechanisms of Global Gestalt Perception in Visual Quantification. NeuroImage, 2018, no. 181, pp. 359–369. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.07.026
14. Park Y., Yang J. Efficacy of Gestalt Visual Motor Integration Learning (GVMIL) to Improve Visual Perception in Children with Autism. Journal of Digital Contents Society, 2019, no. 5 (20), pp. 1039–1049. DOI: 10.9728/dcs.2019.20.5.1039
15. Moore L.J., Harris D.J., Sharpe B.T. et al. Perceptual-Cognitive Expertise when Refereeing the Scrum in Rugby Union. Journal of Sports Sciences, 2019, no. 15 (37), pp. 1778–1786. DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1594568
16. Pizzera A., Möller C., Plessner H. Gaze Behavior of Gymnastics Judges: Where Do Experienced Judges and Gymnasts Look While Judging? Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 2018, no. 1 (89), pp. 112–119. DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2017.1412392
17. Sherwood D.E., Lee T.D. Schema Theory: Critical Review and Implications for the Role of Cognition in a New Theory of Motor Learning. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 2003, no. 4 (74), pp. 376–382. DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2003.10609107
18. Thornton I.M., Pinto J., Shiffrar M. The Visual Perception of Human Locomotion. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 1998, no. 6–8 (15), pp. 535–552. DOI: 10.1080/026432998381014
19. Puig-Diví A., Escalona-Marfil C., Padullés-Riu J.M. et al. Validity and Reliability of the Kinovea Program in Obtaining Angles and Distances Using Coordinates in 4 Perspectives. PLOS ONE, 2019, no. 6 (14), pp. 1–14. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216448
20. Rozorinov H.N., Chichikalo N. I., Arkhiiereieva E.H., Larina E. Yu. Visual Control of Human Locomotion. 4th International Conference on Nanotechnologies and Biomedical Engineering, 2020, pp. 411–416. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-31866-6_75
Опубликован
2021-07-08
Как цитировать
Померанцев, А. (2021). ГЕШТАЛЬТ-ВОСПРИЯТИЕ ТЕХНИКИ СПОРТИВНОГО ДВИЖЕНИЯ. Человек. Спорт. Медицина, 21(2), 174-180. https://doi.org/10.14529/hsm210221
Выпуск
Раздел
Спортивная тренировка
Copyright (c) 2021 Человек. Спорт. Медицина
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