ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ КОГНИТИВНЫХ ФУНКЦИЙ ФУТБОЛЬНЫХ АРБИТРОВ
Ключевые слова:
футбол, арбитры, когнитивные функции, память, внимание
Аннотация
Цель: выявление взаимосвязи опыта и должности футбольных арбитров с показателями рабочей памяти и внимания и определение взаимосвязи способности к одновременному отслеживанию нескольких объектов с объемом рабочей памяти и скоростью переключения внимания. Материалы и методы. В исследовании приняли участие 55 футбольных арбитров, у которых оценивались точность слежения за движущимися объектами, объем рабочей памяти в условиях ограниченного времени и скорость переключения внимания. Результаты. Результаты показали отсутствие различий между арбитрами, занимающими должность главного судьи, и арбитрами, занимающими должность ассистента, по показателям когнитивных тестов. Корреляционный анализ не выявил значимых взаимосвязей между результатами когнитивных тестов и опытом судейства арбитров, при этом установлена значимая взаимосвязь способности к одновременному отслеживанию нескольких объектов с объемом рабочей памяти в условиях ограниченного времени и скоростью переключения внимания. Заключение. Результаты опровергают гипотезу, согласно которой развитие специальных навыков отражается на способностях, измеряемых в неспецифических для деятельности парадигмах. В связи с этим использование экологически валидных парадигм в будущих исследованиях когнитивных аспектов профессионального мастерства арбитров представляется перспективным. Полученные данные также свидетельствуют о возможном участии рабочей памяти и переключении явного внимания в осуществлении слежения за движущимися объектами.
Литература
1. Ehmann P., Beavan A., Spielmann J. et al. 360-multiple Object Tracking in Team Sport Athletes: Reliability and Relationship to Visuospatial Cognitive Functions. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 2021, vol. 55, p. 101952. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54054-9
2. Voss M.W., Kramer A.F., Basak C. et al. Are Expert Athletes ‘Expert’in the Cognitive La-boratory? A Meta-analytic Review of Cognition and Sport Expertise. Applied Cognitive Psycholo-gy, 2010, vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 812–826. DOI: 10.1002/acp.1588
3. Cunningham I., Simmons P., Mascarenhas D.R.D. Sport Officials’ Strategies for Managing Interactions with Players: Face-work on the Front-stage. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 2018, vol. 39,
pp. 154–162. DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.08.009
4. Hüttermann S., Helsen W.F., Put K., Memmert D. Does Visual Attention Impact on Deci-sion Making in Complex Dynamic Events? Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 2018, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 163–166. DOI: 10.1123/jsep.2017-0169
5. Poltavski D., Bernhardt K., Mark C., Biberdorf D. Frontal Theta-gamma Ratio is a Sensitive Index of Concussion History in Athletes on Tasks of Visuo-motor Control. Scientific Reports, 2019, vol. 9, no. 1, p. 17565. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54054-9
6. Hyönä J., Li J., Oksama L. Eye Behavior During Multiple Object Tracking and Multiple Identity Tracking. Vision, 2019, vol. 3, no. 3. DOI: 10.3390/vision3030037
7. van Biemen T., Oudejans R.R.D., Savelsbergh G.J.P. et al. Into the Eyes of the Referee: A Comparison of Elite and Sub-elite Football Referees’ On-field Visual Search Behaviour when Making Foul Judgements. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 2023, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 78–90. DOI: 10.1177/17479541211069469
8. Kar B.R., Kenderla P.K. Working Memory and Executive Attention: Insights from Develop-mental Studies and Implications for Learning and Education. Journal of the Indian Institute of Sci-ence, 2017, vol. 97, no. 4, pp. 497–510. DOI: 10.1007/s41745-017-0044-2
9. Li L., Zhang J.-X., Jiang T. Visual Working Memory Load-Related Changes in Neural Ac-tivity and Functional Connectivity. PLOS ONE, 2011, vol. 6, no. 7, e22357. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022357
10. Meyerhoff H.S., Papenmeier F., Huff M. Studying Visual Attention Using the Multiple Object Tracking Paradigm: A Tutorial Review. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 2017, vol. 79, no. 5, pp. 1255–1274. DOI: 10.3758/s13414-017-1338-1
11. Neville T.J., Salmon P.M. Never Blame the Umpire – a Review of Situation Awareness Models and Methods for Examining the Performance of Officials in Sport. Ergonomics, 2016, vol. 59, no. 7, pp. 962–975. DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2015.1100758
12. Pylyshyn Z. The Role of Location Indexes in Spatial Perception: A Sketch of the FINST Spatial-index Model. Cognition, 1989, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 65–97. DOI: 10.1016/0010-0277(89)90014-0
13. Erickson G.B., Citek K., Cove M. et al. Reliability of a Computer-based System for Meas-uring Visual Performance Skills. Optometry-Journal of the American Optometric Association, 2011, vol. 82, no. 9, pp. 528–542. DOI: 10.1016/j.optm.2011.01.012
14. Samuel R.D., Filho E., Galily Y. Attention Allocation in Elite Football Refereeing: Con-ceptual, Empirical, and Applied Considerations. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 2024, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 474–492. DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2024.2345407
15. Samuel R.D., Tenenbaum G., Galily Y. An Integrated Conceptual Framework of Decision-making in Soccer Refereeing. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 2021, vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 738–760. DOI: 10.1080/1612197X.2020.17665
16. Scharfen H.-E., Memmert D. Measurement of Cognitive Functions in Experts and Elite Athletes: A Meta-analytic Review. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 2019, vol. 33, no. 5, pp. 843–860. DOI: 10.1002/acp.3526
17. Brams S., Ziv G., Levin O. et al. The Relationship between Gaze Behavior, Expertise, and Performance: A Systematic Review. Psychological Bulletin, 2019, vol. 145, no. 10, p. 980. DOI: 10.1037/ bul0000207
18. Spitz J., Put K., Wagemans J. et al. The Role of Domain-generic and Domain-specific Per-ceptual-cognitive Skills in Association Football Referees. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 2018, vol. 34, pp. 47–56. DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2017.09.010
19. Spitz J., Put K., Wagemans J. et al. Visual Search Behaviours of Association Football Ref-erees During Assessment of Foul Play Situations. Cognitive Research: Principles and Implica-tions, 2016,
vol. 1, no. 1, p. 12. DOI: 10.1186/s41235-016-0013-8
20. Yıldız Ö., Yıldız M. Values of Football Referees. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, 2020, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 161–170. DOI: 10.15314/tsed.759874
21. Mann D.T.Y., Williams A.M., Ward P., Janelle C.M. Perceptual-Cognitive Expertise in Sport: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 2007, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 457–478. DOI: 10.1123/jsep.29.4.457
2. Voss M.W., Kramer A.F., Basak C. et al. Are Expert Athletes ‘Expert’in the Cognitive La-boratory? A Meta-analytic Review of Cognition and Sport Expertise. Applied Cognitive Psycholo-gy, 2010, vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 812–826. DOI: 10.1002/acp.1588
3. Cunningham I., Simmons P., Mascarenhas D.R.D. Sport Officials’ Strategies for Managing Interactions with Players: Face-work on the Front-stage. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 2018, vol. 39,
pp. 154–162. DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.08.009
4. Hüttermann S., Helsen W.F., Put K., Memmert D. Does Visual Attention Impact on Deci-sion Making in Complex Dynamic Events? Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 2018, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 163–166. DOI: 10.1123/jsep.2017-0169
5. Poltavski D., Bernhardt K., Mark C., Biberdorf D. Frontal Theta-gamma Ratio is a Sensitive Index of Concussion History in Athletes on Tasks of Visuo-motor Control. Scientific Reports, 2019, vol. 9, no. 1, p. 17565. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54054-9
6. Hyönä J., Li J., Oksama L. Eye Behavior During Multiple Object Tracking and Multiple Identity Tracking. Vision, 2019, vol. 3, no. 3. DOI: 10.3390/vision3030037
7. van Biemen T., Oudejans R.R.D., Savelsbergh G.J.P. et al. Into the Eyes of the Referee: A Comparison of Elite and Sub-elite Football Referees’ On-field Visual Search Behaviour when Making Foul Judgements. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 2023, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 78–90. DOI: 10.1177/17479541211069469
8. Kar B.R., Kenderla P.K. Working Memory and Executive Attention: Insights from Develop-mental Studies and Implications for Learning and Education. Journal of the Indian Institute of Sci-ence, 2017, vol. 97, no. 4, pp. 497–510. DOI: 10.1007/s41745-017-0044-2
9. Li L., Zhang J.-X., Jiang T. Visual Working Memory Load-Related Changes in Neural Ac-tivity and Functional Connectivity. PLOS ONE, 2011, vol. 6, no. 7, e22357. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022357
10. Meyerhoff H.S., Papenmeier F., Huff M. Studying Visual Attention Using the Multiple Object Tracking Paradigm: A Tutorial Review. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 2017, vol. 79, no. 5, pp. 1255–1274. DOI: 10.3758/s13414-017-1338-1
11. Neville T.J., Salmon P.M. Never Blame the Umpire – a Review of Situation Awareness Models and Methods for Examining the Performance of Officials in Sport. Ergonomics, 2016, vol. 59, no. 7, pp. 962–975. DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2015.1100758
12. Pylyshyn Z. The Role of Location Indexes in Spatial Perception: A Sketch of the FINST Spatial-index Model. Cognition, 1989, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 65–97. DOI: 10.1016/0010-0277(89)90014-0
13. Erickson G.B., Citek K., Cove M. et al. Reliability of a Computer-based System for Meas-uring Visual Performance Skills. Optometry-Journal of the American Optometric Association, 2011, vol. 82, no. 9, pp. 528–542. DOI: 10.1016/j.optm.2011.01.012
14. Samuel R.D., Filho E., Galily Y. Attention Allocation in Elite Football Refereeing: Con-ceptual, Empirical, and Applied Considerations. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 2024, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 474–492. DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2024.2345407
15. Samuel R.D., Tenenbaum G., Galily Y. An Integrated Conceptual Framework of Decision-making in Soccer Refereeing. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 2021, vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 738–760. DOI: 10.1080/1612197X.2020.17665
16. Scharfen H.-E., Memmert D. Measurement of Cognitive Functions in Experts and Elite Athletes: A Meta-analytic Review. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 2019, vol. 33, no. 5, pp. 843–860. DOI: 10.1002/acp.3526
17. Brams S., Ziv G., Levin O. et al. The Relationship between Gaze Behavior, Expertise, and Performance: A Systematic Review. Psychological Bulletin, 2019, vol. 145, no. 10, p. 980. DOI: 10.1037/ bul0000207
18. Spitz J., Put K., Wagemans J. et al. The Role of Domain-generic and Domain-specific Per-ceptual-cognitive Skills in Association Football Referees. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 2018, vol. 34, pp. 47–56. DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2017.09.010
19. Spitz J., Put K., Wagemans J. et al. Visual Search Behaviours of Association Football Ref-erees During Assessment of Foul Play Situations. Cognitive Research: Principles and Implica-tions, 2016,
vol. 1, no. 1, p. 12. DOI: 10.1186/s41235-016-0013-8
20. Yıldız Ö., Yıldız M. Values of Football Referees. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, 2020, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 161–170. DOI: 10.15314/tsed.759874
21. Mann D.T.Y., Williams A.M., Ward P., Janelle C.M. Perceptual-Cognitive Expertise in Sport: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 2007, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 457–478. DOI: 10.1123/jsep.29.4.457
2. Voss M.W., Kramer A.F., Basak C. et al. Are Expert Athletes ‘Expert’in the Cognitive La-boratory? A Meta-analytic Review of Cognition and Sport Expertise. Applied Cognitive Psycholo-gy, 2010, vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 812–826. DOI: 10.1002/acp.1588
3. Cunningham I., Simmons P., Mascarenhas D.R.D. Sport Officials’ Strategies for Managing Interactions with Players: Face-work on the Front-stage. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 2018, vol. 39,
pp. 154–162. DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.08.009
4. Hüttermann S., Helsen W.F., Put K., Memmert D. Does Visual Attention Impact on Deci-sion Making in Complex Dynamic Events? Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 2018, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 163–166. DOI: 10.1123/jsep.2017-0169
5. Poltavski D., Bernhardt K., Mark C., Biberdorf D. Frontal Theta-gamma Ratio is a Sensitive Index of Concussion History in Athletes on Tasks of Visuo-motor Control. Scientific Reports, 2019, vol. 9, no. 1, p. 17565. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54054-9
6. Hyönä J., Li J., Oksama L. Eye Behavior During Multiple Object Tracking and Multiple Identity Tracking. Vision, 2019, vol. 3, no. 3. DOI: 10.3390/vision3030037
7. van Biemen T., Oudejans R.R.D., Savelsbergh G.J.P. et al. Into the Eyes of the Referee: A Comparison of Elite and Sub-elite Football Referees’ On-field Visual Search Behaviour when Making Foul Judgements. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 2023, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 78–90. DOI: 10.1177/17479541211069469
8. Kar B.R., Kenderla P.K. Working Memory and Executive Attention: Insights from Develop-mental Studies and Implications for Learning and Education. Journal of the Indian Institute of Sci-ence, 2017, vol. 97, no. 4, pp. 497–510. DOI: 10.1007/s41745-017-0044-2
9. Li L., Zhang J.-X., Jiang T. Visual Working Memory Load-Related Changes in Neural Ac-tivity and Functional Connectivity. PLOS ONE, 2011, vol. 6, no. 7, e22357. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022357
10. Meyerhoff H.S., Papenmeier F., Huff M. Studying Visual Attention Using the Multiple Object Tracking Paradigm: A Tutorial Review. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 2017, vol. 79, no. 5, pp. 1255–1274. DOI: 10.3758/s13414-017-1338-1
11. Neville T.J., Salmon P.M. Never Blame the Umpire – a Review of Situation Awareness Models and Methods for Examining the Performance of Officials in Sport. Ergonomics, 2016, vol. 59, no. 7, pp. 962–975. DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2015.1100758
12. Pylyshyn Z. The Role of Location Indexes in Spatial Perception: A Sketch of the FINST Spatial-index Model. Cognition, 1989, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 65–97. DOI: 10.1016/0010-0277(89)90014-0
13. Erickson G.B., Citek K., Cove M. et al. Reliability of a Computer-based System for Meas-uring Visual Performance Skills. Optometry-Journal of the American Optometric Association, 2011, vol. 82, no. 9, pp. 528–542. DOI: 10.1016/j.optm.2011.01.012
14. Samuel R.D., Filho E., Galily Y. Attention Allocation in Elite Football Refereeing: Con-ceptual, Empirical, and Applied Considerations. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 2024, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 474–492. DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2024.2345407
15. Samuel R.D., Tenenbaum G., Galily Y. An Integrated Conceptual Framework of Decision-making in Soccer Refereeing. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 2021, vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 738–760. DOI: 10.1080/1612197X.2020.17665
16. Scharfen H.-E., Memmert D. Measurement of Cognitive Functions in Experts and Elite Athletes: A Meta-analytic Review. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 2019, vol. 33, no. 5, pp. 843–860. DOI: 10.1002/acp.3526
17. Brams S., Ziv G., Levin O. et al. The Relationship between Gaze Behavior, Expertise, and Performance: A Systematic Review. Psychological Bulletin, 2019, vol. 145, no. 10, p. 980. DOI: 10.1037/ bul0000207
18. Spitz J., Put K., Wagemans J. et al. The Role of Domain-generic and Domain-specific Per-ceptual-cognitive Skills in Association Football Referees. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 2018, vol. 34, pp. 47–56. DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2017.09.010
19. Spitz J., Put K., Wagemans J. et al. Visual Search Behaviours of Association Football Ref-erees During Assessment of Foul Play Situations. Cognitive Research: Principles and Implica-tions, 2016,
vol. 1, no. 1, p. 12. DOI: 10.1186/s41235-016-0013-8
20. Yıldız Ö., Yıldız M. Values of Football Referees. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, 2020, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 161–170. DOI: 10.15314/tsed.759874
21. Mann D.T.Y., Williams A.M., Ward P., Janelle C.M. Perceptual-Cognitive Expertise in Sport: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 2007, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 457–478. DOI: 10.1123/jsep.29.4.457
References
1. Ehmann P., Beavan A., Spielmann J. et al. 360-multiple Object Tracking in Team Sport Athletes: Reliability and Relationship to Visuospatial Cognitive Functions. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 2021, vol. 55, p. 101952. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54054-92. Voss M.W., Kramer A.F., Basak C. et al. Are Expert Athletes ‘Expert’in the Cognitive La-boratory? A Meta-analytic Review of Cognition and Sport Expertise. Applied Cognitive Psycholo-gy, 2010, vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 812–826. DOI: 10.1002/acp.1588
3. Cunningham I., Simmons P., Mascarenhas D.R.D. Sport Officials’ Strategies for Managing Interactions with Players: Face-work on the Front-stage. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 2018, vol. 39,
pp. 154–162. DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.08.009
4. Hüttermann S., Helsen W.F., Put K., Memmert D. Does Visual Attention Impact on Deci-sion Making in Complex Dynamic Events? Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 2018, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 163–166. DOI: 10.1123/jsep.2017-0169
5. Poltavski D., Bernhardt K., Mark C., Biberdorf D. Frontal Theta-gamma Ratio is a Sensitive Index of Concussion History in Athletes on Tasks of Visuo-motor Control. Scientific Reports, 2019, vol. 9, no. 1, p. 17565. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54054-9
6. Hyönä J., Li J., Oksama L. Eye Behavior During Multiple Object Tracking and Multiple Identity Tracking. Vision, 2019, vol. 3, no. 3. DOI: 10.3390/vision3030037
7. van Biemen T., Oudejans R.R.D., Savelsbergh G.J.P. et al. Into the Eyes of the Referee: A Comparison of Elite and Sub-elite Football Referees’ On-field Visual Search Behaviour when Making Foul Judgements. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 2023, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 78–90. DOI: 10.1177/17479541211069469
8. Kar B.R., Kenderla P.K. Working Memory and Executive Attention: Insights from Develop-mental Studies and Implications for Learning and Education. Journal of the Indian Institute of Sci-ence, 2017, vol. 97, no. 4, pp. 497–510. DOI: 10.1007/s41745-017-0044-2
9. Li L., Zhang J.-X., Jiang T. Visual Working Memory Load-Related Changes in Neural Ac-tivity and Functional Connectivity. PLOS ONE, 2011, vol. 6, no. 7, e22357. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022357
10. Meyerhoff H.S., Papenmeier F., Huff M. Studying Visual Attention Using the Multiple Object Tracking Paradigm: A Tutorial Review. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 2017, vol. 79, no. 5, pp. 1255–1274. DOI: 10.3758/s13414-017-1338-1
11. Neville T.J., Salmon P.M. Never Blame the Umpire – a Review of Situation Awareness Models and Methods for Examining the Performance of Officials in Sport. Ergonomics, 2016, vol. 59, no. 7, pp. 962–975. DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2015.1100758
12. Pylyshyn Z. The Role of Location Indexes in Spatial Perception: A Sketch of the FINST Spatial-index Model. Cognition, 1989, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 65–97. DOI: 10.1016/0010-0277(89)90014-0
13. Erickson G.B., Citek K., Cove M. et al. Reliability of a Computer-based System for Meas-uring Visual Performance Skills. Optometry-Journal of the American Optometric Association, 2011, vol. 82, no. 9, pp. 528–542. DOI: 10.1016/j.optm.2011.01.012
14. Samuel R.D., Filho E., Galily Y. Attention Allocation in Elite Football Refereeing: Con-ceptual, Empirical, and Applied Considerations. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 2024, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 474–492. DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2024.2345407
15. Samuel R.D., Tenenbaum G., Galily Y. An Integrated Conceptual Framework of Decision-making in Soccer Refereeing. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 2021, vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 738–760. DOI: 10.1080/1612197X.2020.17665
16. Scharfen H.-E., Memmert D. Measurement of Cognitive Functions in Experts and Elite Athletes: A Meta-analytic Review. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 2019, vol. 33, no. 5, pp. 843–860. DOI: 10.1002/acp.3526
17. Brams S., Ziv G., Levin O. et al. The Relationship between Gaze Behavior, Expertise, and Performance: A Systematic Review. Psychological Bulletin, 2019, vol. 145, no. 10, p. 980. DOI: 10.1037/ bul0000207
18. Spitz J., Put K., Wagemans J. et al. The Role of Domain-generic and Domain-specific Per-ceptual-cognitive Skills in Association Football Referees. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 2018, vol. 34, pp. 47–56. DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2017.09.010
19. Spitz J., Put K., Wagemans J. et al. Visual Search Behaviours of Association Football Ref-erees During Assessment of Foul Play Situations. Cognitive Research: Principles and Implica-tions, 2016,
vol. 1, no. 1, p. 12. DOI: 10.1186/s41235-016-0013-8
20. Yıldız Ö., Yıldız M. Values of Football Referees. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, 2020, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 161–170. DOI: 10.15314/tsed.759874
21. Mann D.T.Y., Williams A.M., Ward P., Janelle C.M. Perceptual-Cognitive Expertise in Sport: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 2007, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 457–478. DOI: 10.1123/jsep.29.4.457
Опубликован
2026-03-30
Как цитировать
Цепелевич, М., Онищенко, Д., & Кирсанов, А. (2026). ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ КОГНИТИВНЫХ ФУНКЦИЙ ФУТБОЛЬНЫХ АРБИТРОВ. Человек. Спорт. Медицина, 25(4), 96-102. https://doi.org/10.14529/hsm250412
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Спортивная тренировка
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