ADIPOSE TISSUE CHANGES IN PREGNANT WOMEN DEPENDING ON THEIR INITIAL ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA
Keywords:
Pregnancy, body mass index, obesity, adipose tissue.
Abstract
Aim. The aim of this article is to estimate the dynamics of adipose tissue changes in pregnant women depending on their initial anthropometric data. Material and methods. 140 women with a single-birth pregnancy occurred during a natural cycle and completed with a birth on time took part in a cohort longitudinal study. All women were divided into 3 groups depending on their pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI): with normal body mass (n = 56), with excess body mass (n = 44) and with obesity (n = 40). We assessed the mass and percentage of adipose tissue using impedancemetry. Subcutaneous and visceral fat were studied with the help of ultrasound. The examination was performed three times during pregnancy: in the first, second and third trimesters. Results. It has been established that pre-pregnancy BMI is closely associated with the mass (r = 0,534, p = 0,0001) and percentage of adipose tissue (r = 0,562, p = 0,003). In the first trimester, the strongest correlation was found between BMI and subcutaneous fat thickness (r = 0,452; p ? 0,0001). Maximum increase in fat mass was registered in the II trimester in women with normal and excess mass (pI–II ? 0,05). By the end of the third trimester, fat mass increased by 4,8 (3,6–4,9) kg in women with normal body weight, by 3,7 (2,8–4,2) kg in the group with excess mass and by 1,5 (1,3–2,4) kg in the group with obesity. In pregnant women with normal and excess mass, FM accumulation was accompanied by the increase in the abdominal wall fat index (AFI), reflecting the localization of fat deposits mainly in the visceral region. In women with obesity, the mass and nature of fat deposits during pregnancy did not change significantly. Conclusion. The most pronounced adipose tissue changes are typical for pregnant women with normal and excess body mass and expressed in the accumulation of adipose tissue predominantly in the abdominal region.References
1. Achkasov E.E., Rapoport S.I., Runenko S.D. [Obesity. A Modern View of the Problem]. Klinicheskaya meditsina [Clinical Medicine], 2016, vol. 94, no. 5, pp. 333–338. (in Russ.) DOI: 10.18821/0023-2149-2016-94-5-333-338
2. [WHO. Obesity and Excess Weight]. Informatsionnyy byulleten’ [Newsletter], 2015, no. 311. Available at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/ru/ (accessed 01.09.2017).
3. Kologrivova I.V., Vinnitskaya I.V., Koshel’skaya O.A. [Visceral Obesity and Cardiometabolic Risk. Features of Hormonal and Immune Regulation]. Ozhireniye i metabolism [Obesity and Metabolism], 2017, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 3–10. (in Russ.) DOI: 10.14341/OMET201733-10
4. Kruchinin E.V., Autlev K.M., Akhundovai Sh.A. i dr. [Pathogenetic Aspects of Morbid Obesity (Review of Literature)]. Meditsinskaya nauka i obrazovaniye Urala [Medical Science and Education of the Urals], 2017, vol. 18, no. 4 (92), pp. 194–197. (in Russ.)
5. Kurmangulov A.A., Isakova D.N., Dorodneva E.F. [Evaluation of a Marker of Systemic Inflammatory Response in Patients with High Cardiovascular Risk]. Meditsinskaya nauka i obrazovaniye Urala [Medical Science and Education of the Urals], 2013, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 27–30. (in Russ.)
6. Ott A.V., Chumakova G.A., Veselovskaya N.G. [The Importance of Leptin Resistance in the Development of Various Metabolic Phenotypes of Obesity]. Rossiyskiy kardiologicheskiy zhurnal [Russian Cardiological Journal], 2016, no. 4, pp. 4–18. (in Russ.) DOI: 10.15829/1560-4071-2016-4-14-18
7. Petunina N.A., Kuzina I.A. [Role of Fatty Tissue Hormones in the Development of Complications of Pregnancy in Women with Obesity]. Ozhireniye i metabolism [Obesity and Metabolism], 2013, no. 1 (34), pp. 3–8. (in Russ.)
8. Pokusayeva V.N., Troshina E.A., Nikiforovskaya E.N. [The Role of the Fat Component in the Gestational Increase in Body Weight]. Ozhireniye i metabolism [Obesity and Metabolism], 2013, no. 4 (37), pp. 16–20. (in Russ.) DOI: 10.14341/OMET2013416-20
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10. Timoshina I.V., Komissarova L.M., Timofeyeva L.A. [Clinical Features of the Course and Outcome of Pregnancy in Women with Obesity and Excessive Weight Gain During Pregnancy]. Akusherstvo i ginekologiya [Obstetrics and Gynecology], 2015, no. 12, pp. 57–63. (in Russ.)
11. Armellini F., Zamboni M., Rigo L. et al. The Contribution of Sonography to the Measurement of Intra-Abdominal Fat. J Clin Ultrasound., 1990, vol. 18, no. 7, pp. 563–567. DOI: 10.1002/jcu.1870180707
12. Barry D.R., Utzschneider K.M., Tong J. et al. Intraabdominal Fat, Insulin Sensitivity, and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Postpartum Women with a History of Preeclampsia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2015, vol. 213, no. 1, pp. 104.e1–104.е11. DOI:10.1016/j.ajog.2015.05.040
13. Dutton H., Borengasser S.J., Gaudetet L.M. Obesity in Pregnancy: Optimizing Outcomes for Mom and Baby. Med Clin North Am., 2018, vol. 102, no. 1, pp. 87–106. DOI: 10.1016/j.mcna.2017.08.008
14. Jung U.J., Choi M.S. Obesity and Its Metabolic Complications: the Role of Adipokines and the Relationship Between Obesity, Inflammation, Insulin Resistance, Dyslipidemia and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2014, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 6184–6223. DOI: 10.3390/ijms15046184
15. Oh Y.H., Moon J.H., Kimet H.J. Visceral-To-Subcutaneous Fat Ratio as a Predictor of the Multiple Metabolic Risk Factors for Subjects with Normal Waist Circumference in Korea. Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes., 2017, vol. 10, pp. 505–511. DOI: 10.2147/DMSO.S15014
16. Pendeloski K.P.T., Ono E., Torloniet M.R. Maternal Obesity and Inflammatory Mediators: A Controversial Association. American Journal of Reproductive Immunology, 2017, vol. 77, no. 5, p. 12674. DOI: 10.1111/aji.12674
17. Smith U., Kahn B.B. Adipose Tissue Regulates Insulin Sensitivity: Role of Adipogenesis, de Novo Lipogenesis and Novel Lipids. Journal of internal medicine, 2016, vol. 280, no. 5, pp. 465–475. DOI: 10.1111/joim.12540
18. Suzuki R., Watanabe S., Hiraiet Y. Abdominal Wall Fat Index, Estimated by Ultrasonography, for Assessment of the Ratio of Visceral Fat to Subcutaneous Fat in the Abdomen. Am J Med., 1993, vol. 95, no. 3, pp. 309–314. DOI: 10.1016/0002-9343(93)90284-v
19. Tayama K., Inukai T., Shimomura Y. Preperitoneal Fat Deposition Estimated by Ultrasonography in Patients with Noninsulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 1999, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 49–58. DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8227(98)00118-1
2. [WHO. Obesity and Excess Weight]. Informatsionnyy byulleten’ [Newsletter], 2015, no. 311. Available at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/ru/ (accessed 01.09.2017).
3. Kologrivova I.V., Vinnitskaya I.V., Koshel’skaya O.A. [Visceral Obesity and Cardiometabolic Risk. Features of Hormonal and Immune Regulation]. Ozhireniye i metabolism [Obesity and Metabolism], 2017, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 3–10. (in Russ.) DOI: 10.14341/OMET201733-10
4. Kruchinin E.V., Autlev K.M., Akhundovai Sh.A. i dr. [Pathogenetic Aspects of Morbid Obesity (Review of Literature)]. Meditsinskaya nauka i obrazovaniye Urala [Medical Science and Education of the Urals], 2017, vol. 18, no. 4 (92), pp. 194–197. (in Russ.)
5. Kurmangulov A.A., Isakova D.N., Dorodneva E.F. [Evaluation of a Marker of Systemic Inflammatory Response in Patients with High Cardiovascular Risk]. Meditsinskaya nauka i obrazovaniye Urala [Medical Science and Education of the Urals], 2013, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 27–30. (in Russ.)
6. Ott A.V., Chumakova G.A., Veselovskaya N.G. [The Importance of Leptin Resistance in the Development of Various Metabolic Phenotypes of Obesity]. Rossiyskiy kardiologicheskiy zhurnal [Russian Cardiological Journal], 2016, no. 4, pp. 4–18. (in Russ.) DOI: 10.15829/1560-4071-2016-4-14-18
7. Petunina N.A., Kuzina I.A. [Role of Fatty Tissue Hormones in the Development of Complications of Pregnancy in Women with Obesity]. Ozhireniye i metabolism [Obesity and Metabolism], 2013, no. 1 (34), pp. 3–8. (in Russ.)
8. Pokusayeva V.N., Troshina E.A., Nikiforovskaya E.N. [The Role of the Fat Component in the Gestational Increase in Body Weight]. Ozhireniye i metabolism [Obesity and Metabolism], 2013, no. 4 (37), pp. 16–20. (in Russ.) DOI: 10.14341/OMET2013416-20
9. Simanenkov V.I., Tikhonov S.V., Il’yashevich I.G. [Epidemiology, Social Aspects and Pathogenesis of Obesity]. Vestnik Severo-Zapadnogo gosudarstvennogo meditsinskogo universiteta im. I.I. Mechnikova [Bulletin of the North-West State Medical University Named after I.I. Mechnikov], 2017, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 21–27. (in Russ.)
10. Timoshina I.V., Komissarova L.M., Timofeyeva L.A. [Clinical Features of the Course and Outcome of Pregnancy in Women with Obesity and Excessive Weight Gain During Pregnancy]. Akusherstvo i ginekologiya [Obstetrics and Gynecology], 2015, no. 12, pp. 57–63. (in Russ.)
11. Armellini F., Zamboni M., Rigo L. et al. The Contribution of Sonography to the Measurement of Intra-Abdominal Fat. J Clin Ultrasound., 1990, vol. 18, no. 7, pp. 563–567. DOI: 10.1002/jcu.1870180707
12. Barry D.R., Utzschneider K.M., Tong J. et al. Intraabdominal Fat, Insulin Sensitivity, and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Postpartum Women with a History of Preeclampsia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2015, vol. 213, no. 1, pp. 104.e1–104.е11. DOI:10.1016/j.ajog.2015.05.040
13. Dutton H., Borengasser S.J., Gaudetet L.M. Obesity in Pregnancy: Optimizing Outcomes for Mom and Baby. Med Clin North Am., 2018, vol. 102, no. 1, pp. 87–106. DOI: 10.1016/j.mcna.2017.08.008
14. Jung U.J., Choi M.S. Obesity and Its Metabolic Complications: the Role of Adipokines and the Relationship Between Obesity, Inflammation, Insulin Resistance, Dyslipidemia and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2014, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 6184–6223. DOI: 10.3390/ijms15046184
15. Oh Y.H., Moon J.H., Kimet H.J. Visceral-To-Subcutaneous Fat Ratio as a Predictor of the Multiple Metabolic Risk Factors for Subjects with Normal Waist Circumference in Korea. Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes., 2017, vol. 10, pp. 505–511. DOI: 10.2147/DMSO.S15014
16. Pendeloski K.P.T., Ono E., Torloniet M.R. Maternal Obesity and Inflammatory Mediators: A Controversial Association. American Journal of Reproductive Immunology, 2017, vol. 77, no. 5, p. 12674. DOI: 10.1111/aji.12674
17. Smith U., Kahn B.B. Adipose Tissue Regulates Insulin Sensitivity: Role of Adipogenesis, de Novo Lipogenesis and Novel Lipids. Journal of internal medicine, 2016, vol. 280, no. 5, pp. 465–475. DOI: 10.1111/joim.12540
18. Suzuki R., Watanabe S., Hiraiet Y. Abdominal Wall Fat Index, Estimated by Ultrasonography, for Assessment of the Ratio of Visceral Fat to Subcutaneous Fat in the Abdomen. Am J Med., 1993, vol. 95, no. 3, pp. 309–314. DOI: 10.1016/0002-9343(93)90284-v
19. Tayama K., Inukai T., Shimomura Y. Preperitoneal Fat Deposition Estimated by Ultrasonography in Patients with Noninsulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 1999, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 49–58. DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8227(98)00118-1
2. [WHO. Obesity and Excess Weight]. Informatsionnyy byulleten’ [Newsletter], 2015, no. 311. Available at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/ru/ (accessed 01.09.2017).
3. Kologrivova I.V., Vinnitskaya I.V., Koshel’skaya O.A. [Visceral Obesity and Cardiometabolic Risk. Features of Hormonal and Immune Regulation]. Ozhireniye i metabolism [Obesity and Metabolism], 2017, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 3–10. (in Russ.) DOI: 10.14341/OMET201733-10
4. Kruchinin E.V., Autlev K.M., Akhundovai Sh.A. i dr. [Pathogenetic Aspects of Morbid Obesity (Review of Literature)]. Meditsinskaya nauka i obrazovaniye Urala [Medical Science and Education of the Urals], 2017, vol. 18, no. 4 (92), pp. 194–197. (in Russ.)
5. Kurmangulov A.A., Isakova D.N., Dorodneva E.F. [Evaluation of a Marker of Systemic Inflammatory Response in Patients with High Cardiovascular Risk]. Meditsinskaya nauka i obrazovaniye Urala [Medical Science and Education of the Urals], 2013, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 27–30. (in Russ.)
6. Ott A.V., Chumakova G.A., Veselovskaya N.G. [The Importance of Leptin Resistance in the Development of Various Metabolic Phenotypes of Obesity]. Rossiyskiy kardiologicheskiy zhurnal [Russian Cardiological Journal], 2016, no. 4, pp. 4–18. (in Russ.) DOI: 10.15829/1560-4071-2016-4-14-18
7. Petunina N.A., Kuzina I.A. [Role of Fatty Tissue Hormones in the Development of Complications of Pregnancy in Women with Obesity]. Ozhireniye i metabolism [Obesity and Metabolism], 2013, no. 1 (34), pp. 3–8. (in Russ.)
8. Pokusayeva V.N., Troshina E.A., Nikiforovskaya E.N. [The Role of the Fat Component in the Gestational Increase in Body Weight]. Ozhireniye i metabolism [Obesity and Metabolism], 2013, no. 4 (37), pp. 16–20. (in Russ.) DOI: 10.14341/OMET2013416-20
9. Simanenkov V.I., Tikhonov S.V., Il’yashevich I.G. [Epidemiology, Social Aspects and Pathogenesis of Obesity]. Vestnik Severo-Zapadnogo gosudarstvennogo meditsinskogo universiteta im. I.I. Mechnikova [Bulletin of the North-West State Medical University Named after I.I. Mechnikov], 2017, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 21–27. (in Russ.)
10. Timoshina I.V., Komissarova L.M., Timofeyeva L.A. [Clinical Features of the Course and Outcome of Pregnancy in Women with Obesity and Excessive Weight Gain During Pregnancy]. Akusherstvo i ginekologiya [Obstetrics and Gynecology], 2015, no. 12, pp. 57–63. (in Russ.)
11. Armellini F., Zamboni M., Rigo L. et al. The Contribution of Sonography to the Measurement of Intra-Abdominal Fat. J Clin Ultrasound., 1990, vol. 18, no. 7, pp. 563–567. DOI: 10.1002/jcu.1870180707
12. Barry D.R., Utzschneider K.M., Tong J. et al. Intraabdominal Fat, Insulin Sensitivity, and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Postpartum Women with a History of Preeclampsia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2015, vol. 213, no. 1, pp. 104.e1–104.е11. DOI:10.1016/j.ajog.2015.05.040
13. Dutton H., Borengasser S.J., Gaudetet L.M. Obesity in Pregnancy: Optimizing Outcomes for Mom and Baby. Med Clin North Am., 2018, vol. 102, no. 1, pp. 87–106. DOI: 10.1016/j.mcna.2017.08.008
14. Jung U.J., Choi M.S. Obesity and Its Metabolic Complications: the Role of Adipokines and the Relationship Between Obesity, Inflammation, Insulin Resistance, Dyslipidemia and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2014, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 6184–6223. DOI: 10.3390/ijms15046184
15. Oh Y.H., Moon J.H., Kimet H.J. Visceral-To-Subcutaneous Fat Ratio as a Predictor of the Multiple Metabolic Risk Factors for Subjects with Normal Waist Circumference in Korea. Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes., 2017, vol. 10, pp. 505–511. DOI: 10.2147/DMSO.S15014
16. Pendeloski K.P.T., Ono E., Torloniet M.R. Maternal Obesity and Inflammatory Mediators: A Controversial Association. American Journal of Reproductive Immunology, 2017, vol. 77, no. 5, p. 12674. DOI: 10.1111/aji.12674
17. Smith U., Kahn B.B. Adipose Tissue Regulates Insulin Sensitivity: Role of Adipogenesis, de Novo Lipogenesis and Novel Lipids. Journal of internal medicine, 2016, vol. 280, no. 5, pp. 465–475. DOI: 10.1111/joim.12540
18. Suzuki R., Watanabe S., Hiraiet Y. Abdominal Wall Fat Index, Estimated by Ultrasonography, for Assessment of the Ratio of Visceral Fat to Subcutaneous Fat in the Abdomen. Am J Med., 1993, vol. 95, no. 3, pp. 309–314. DOI: 10.1016/0002-9343(93)90284-v
19. Tayama K., Inukai T., Shimomura Y. Preperitoneal Fat Deposition Estimated by Ultrasonography in Patients with Noninsulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 1999, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 49–58. DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8227(98)00118-1
References on translit
1. Achkasov E.E., Rapoport S.I., Runenko S.D. [Obesity. A Modern View of the Problem]. Klinicheskaya meditsina [Clinical Medicine], 2016, vol. 94, no. 5, pp. 333–338. (in Russ.) DOI: 10.18821/0023-2149-2016-94-5-333-3382. [WHO. Obesity and Excess Weight]. Informatsionnyy byulleten’ [Newsletter], 2015, no. 311. Available at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/ru/ (accessed 01.09.2017).
3. Kologrivova I.V., Vinnitskaya I.V., Koshel’skaya O.A. [Visceral Obesity and Cardiometabolic Risk. Features of Hormonal and Immune Regulation]. Ozhireniye i metabolism [Obesity and Metabolism], 2017, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 3–10. (in Russ.) DOI: 10.14341/OMET201733-10
4. Kruchinin E.V., Autlev K.M., Akhundovai Sh.A. i dr. [Pathogenetic Aspects of Morbid Obesity (Review of Literature)]. Meditsinskaya nauka i obrazovaniye Urala [Medical Science and Education of the Urals], 2017, vol. 18, no. 4 (92), pp. 194–197. (in Russ.)
5. Kurmangulov A.A., Isakova D.N., Dorodneva E.F. [Evaluation of a Marker of Systemic Inflammatory Response in Patients with High Cardiovascular Risk]. Meditsinskaya nauka i obrazovaniye Urala [Medical Science and Education of the Urals], 2013, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 27–30. (in Russ.)
6. Ott A.V., Chumakova G.A., Veselovskaya N.G. [The Importance of Leptin Resistance in the Development of Various Metabolic Phenotypes of Obesity]. Rossiyskiy kardiologicheskiy zhurnal [Russian Cardiological Journal], 2016, no. 4, pp. 4–18. (in Russ.) DOI: 10.15829/1560-4071-2016-4-14-18
7. Petunina N.A., Kuzina I.A. [Role of Fatty Tissue Hormones in the Development of Complications of Pregnancy in Women with Obesity]. Ozhireniye i metabolism [Obesity and Metabolism], 2013, no. 1 (34), pp. 3–8. (in Russ.)
8. Pokusayeva V.N., Troshina E.A., Nikiforovskaya E.N. [The Role of the Fat Component in the Gestational Increase in Body Weight]. Ozhireniye i metabolism [Obesity and Metabolism], 2013, no. 4 (37), pp. 16–20. (in Russ.) DOI: 10.14341/OMET2013416-20
9. Simanenkov V.I., Tikhonov S.V., Il’yashevich I.G. [Epidemiology, Social Aspects and Pathogenesis of Obesity]. Vestnik Severo-Zapadnogo gosudarstvennogo meditsinskogo universiteta im. I.I. Mechnikova [Bulletin of the North-West State Medical University Named after I.I. Mechnikov], 2017, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 21–27. (in Russ.)
10. Timoshina I.V., Komissarova L.M., Timofeyeva L.A. [Clinical Features of the Course and Outcome of Pregnancy in Women with Obesity and Excessive Weight Gain During Pregnancy]. Akusherstvo i ginekologiya [Obstetrics and Gynecology], 2015, no. 12, pp. 57–63. (in Russ.)
11. Armellini F., Zamboni M., Rigo L. et al. The Contribution of Sonography to the Measurement of Intra-Abdominal Fat. J Clin Ultrasound., 1990, vol. 18, no. 7, pp. 563–567. DOI: 10.1002/jcu.1870180707
12. Barry D.R., Utzschneider K.M., Tong J. et al. Intraabdominal Fat, Insulin Sensitivity, and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Postpartum Women with a History of Preeclampsia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2015, vol. 213, no. 1, pp. 104.e1–104.е11. DOI:10.1016/j.ajog.2015.05.040
13. Dutton H., Borengasser S.J., Gaudetet L.M. Obesity in Pregnancy: Optimizing Outcomes for Mom and Baby. Med Clin North Am., 2018, vol. 102, no. 1, pp. 87–106. DOI: 10.1016/j.mcna.2017.08.008
14. Jung U.J., Choi M.S. Obesity and Its Metabolic Complications: the Role of Adipokines and the Relationship Between Obesity, Inflammation, Insulin Resistance, Dyslipidemia and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2014, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 6184–6223. DOI: 10.3390/ijms15046184
15. Oh Y.H., Moon J.H., Kimet H.J. Visceral-To-Subcutaneous Fat Ratio as a Predictor of the Multiple Metabolic Risk Factors for Subjects with Normal Waist Circumference in Korea. Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes., 2017, vol. 10, pp. 505–511. DOI: 10.2147/DMSO.S15014
16. Pendeloski K.P.T., Ono E., Torloniet M.R. Maternal Obesity and Inflammatory Mediators: A Controversial Association. American Journal of Reproductive Immunology, 2017, vol. 77, no. 5, p. 12674. DOI: 10.1111/aji.12674
17. Smith U., Kahn B.B. Adipose Tissue Regulates Insulin Sensitivity: Role of Adipogenesis, de Novo Lipogenesis and Novel Lipids. Journal of internal medicine, 2016, vol. 280, no. 5, pp. 465–475. DOI: 10.1111/joim.12540
18. Suzuki R., Watanabe S., Hiraiet Y. Abdominal Wall Fat Index, Estimated by Ultrasonography, for Assessment of the Ratio of Visceral Fat to Subcutaneous Fat in the Abdomen. Am J Med., 1993, vol. 95, no. 3, pp. 309–314. DOI: 10.1016/0002-9343(93)90284-v
19. Tayama K., Inukai T., Shimomura Y. Preperitoneal Fat Deposition Estimated by Ultrasonography in Patients with Noninsulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 1999, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 49–58. DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8227(98)00118-1
Published
2018-06-01
How to Cite
Chabanova, N., Vasilkova, T., Polyakova, V., Mataev, S., & Shevlyukova, T. (2018). ADIPOSE TISSUE CHANGES IN PREGNANT WOMEN DEPENDING ON THEIR INITIAL ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA. Human. Sport. Medicine, 18(2), 15-23. https://doi.org/10.14529/hsm180202
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Physiology
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