AUTONOMIC REGULATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND METABOLIC PROCESSES IN SWIMMERS COMPETING FOR A RECORD IN ICE WATER
Keywords:
physical activity, temperature exposure, record in ice water, body mass index, body fat mass, glucose, Kerdo index
Abstract
Aim. The paper aims to show the dynamics of autonomic regulation of the nervous system, glucose, and fat mass in long-distance swimmers with weights of 18 kg competing for a record in ice water (Russian Book of Records). Material and methods. Changes in the Kerdo index, body mass index, body fat mass, and glucose were identified. Results. The participants in this extreme swimming race were found to be overweight according to BMI. No significant differences were found in terms of BMI and BFM (percentage and absolute values) before and after the swimming race. Before measurements, athletes demonstrated anabolic-type metabolism, followed by the prevalence of sympathetic regulation or a balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic activities after the swimming race. After the second measurement, a significant increase in glucose levels (p <0.005) and a positive correlation between glucose levels and BMI were recorded. Conclusion. The results obtained show a quite high level of adaptive capabilities in long-distance ice-water swimmers. Athletes demonstrated excellent sports performance and enhanced adaptive capabilities due to the combined effects of temperature and physical activity and remained within reference values for autonomic regulation and metabolic processes.
References
1. Арбузова, Н.А. Инфраструктура зимнего плавания как важного экстрим-направления и компонента закаливания организма к холоду (аналитико-экспериментальное исследование) / Н.А. Арбузова, С.А. Полиевский. – М.: БИБКОМ, 2021. – 72 с.
2. Белая, Ж.Е. Роль физических нагрузок в норме и при сахарном диабете / Ж.Е. Белая, О.М. Смирнова, И.И. Дедов // Проблемы эндокринологии. – 2005. – Т. 51, № 2. – С. 28–37.
3. Динамика эмоционального состояния и физиологических параметров организма при длительном акватермальном воздействии / Т.А. Фишер, С.А. Петров, Е.Л. Доценко, Ю.Г. Суховей // Вопросы курортологии, физиотерапии и лечебной физ. культуры. – 2018. – Т. 95, № 3. – С. 57–62.
4. Жигулина, В.В. Биохимический ответ организма на стресс (обзор литературы) / В.В. Жигулина // Верхневолжский мед. журнал. – 2014. – Т. 12, № 4. – С. 25–30.
5. Изменение гемодинамических, психофизиологических показателей и адаптационного потенциала мужчин трудоспособного возраста, занимающихся водно-холодовым закаливанием / Т.А. Фишер, С.С. Колыванова, А.А. Пушников, О.Н. Лепунова // Вопросы курортологии, физиотерапии и лечебной физ. культуры. – 2020. – Т. 97, № 6. – С. 40–49.
6. Мартиросов, Э.Г. Технологии и методы определения состава тела человека / Э.Г. Мартиросов, Д.В. Николаев, С.Г. Руднев. – М.: Наука, 2006. – 248 c.
7. Метаболические особенности и терапевтический потенциал бурой и «бежевой» жировой ткани / Е.О. Кокшарова, А.Ю. Майоров, М.В. Шестакова, И.И. Дедов // Сахарный диабет. – 2014. – № 4. – С. 5–15.
8. “Brain over body” – A study on the willful regulation of autonomic function during cold exposure / O. Muzik, K.T. Reilly, V.A. Diwadkar // Neuroimage. – 2018. – № 172. – Р. 632–641.
9. Changes in body core and body surface temperatures during prolonged swimming in water of 10 °C – a case report / C.A. Rüst, B. Knechtle, T. Rosemann // Extrem Physiol Med. – 2012. – № 1:8. – Р. 1–7.
10. Cold Water Swimming-Benefits and Risks: A Narrative Review. / B. Knechtle, Z. Waśkie-wicz, C.V. Sousa, L. Hill, P.T. Nikolaidis // Int J Environ Res Public Health. – 2020. – № 17 (23). – Р. 8984–9004.
11. Exposure to Cold and acute Upper Respiratory Tract Infection / R. Eccles, J.E. Wilkinson // Rhinology. – 2015. – No. 53. – Р. 99–106.
12. Profile: Lewis Gordon Pugh-Polar swimmer / J. Butcher // Lancet. – 2005. – No. 366. – Р. 23–24.
13. Swimming in ice cold water / B. Knechtle, N. Christinger, G. Kohler, P. Knechtle, T. Rosemann // Ir J Med Sci. – 2009. – No. 178 (4). – Р. 507–511.
14. Swimming Three Ice Miles within Fifteen Hours / M. Stjepanovic, P.T. Nikolaidis, B. Knechtle // Chin J Physiol. – 2017. – No. 60 (4). – Р. 197–206.
15. The Body Mass Index of San Francisco Cold-water Swimmers: Comparisons to U.S. National and Local Populations, and Pool Swimmers / B.T. Crow, E.C. Matthay, S.P. Schatz et al. // Int J Exerc Sci. – 2017. – No. 10 (8). – Р. 1250–1262.
16. Winter Swimming: Body Hardening and Cardiorespiratory Protection Via Sustainable Acclimation / A.S. Manolis, S.A. Manolis, A.A. Manolis et al. // Curr Sports Med Rep. – 2019. – No. 18 (11). – Р. 401–415.
2. Belaya Zh.E., Smirnova O.M., Dedov I.I. [Role of Exercises in Health and in Diabetes Mellitus]. Problemy endokrinologii [Problems of Endocrinology], 2005, vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 28–37. (in Russ.)
3. Fisher T.A., Petrov S.A., Dotsenko E.L., Suhovei Yu.G. [Dynamics of the Emotional State and Physiological Parameters of the Organism during Long-term Aqua-thermal Impact]. Voprosy kurortologii, fizioterapii i lechebnoy fizicheskoy kul’tury [Problems of Balneology, Physiotherapy, and Exercise Therapy], 2018, vol. 95, no. 3, pp. 57–62. (in Russ.) DOI: 10.17116/kurort201895357
4. Zhigulina V.V. [Biochemical Response of the Body to Stress (Overview)]. Verkhnevolzhskiy meditsinskiy zhurnal [Upper Volga Medical Journal], 2014, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 25–30. (in Russ.)
5. Fisher T.A., Kolyvanova S.S., Pushnikov A.A., Lepunova O.N. [The Dynamics of Hemo-dynamic, Psychophysiological Parameters and Adaptive Potential of Men of Working Age Engaged in Water-Cold Hardening]. Voprosy kurortologii, fizioterapii i lechebnoy fizicheskoy kul’tury [Problems of Balneology, Physiotherapy, and Exercise Therapy], 2020, vol. 97, no. 6, pp. 40–49. (in Russ.) DOI: 10.17116/kurort20209706140
6. Martirosov Je.G., Nikolaev D.V., Rudnev S.G. Tehnologii i metody opredeleniya sostava tela cheloveka [Technologies and Methods for Determining the Composition of the Human Body]. Мoscow, Science Publ., 2006. 248 р.
7. Koksharova E.O., Mayorov A.Yu., Shestakova M.V., Dedov I.I. [Metabolic Characteristics and Therapeutic Potential of Brown and Beige Adipose Tissues]. Sakharnyy diabet [Diabetes Mellitus], 2014, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 5–15. (in Russ.) DOI: 10.14341/DM201445-15
8. Muzik O., Reilly K.T., Diwadkar V.A. “Brain over body” – A Study on the Willful Regulation of Autonomic Function During Cold Exposure. Neuroimage, 2018, no. 172, pp. 632–641. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.01.067
9. Rüst C.A., Knechtle B., Rosemann T. Changes in Body Core and Body Surface Temperatures During Prolonged Swimming in Water of 10 °C – a Case Report. Extrem Physiology Medical, 2012, no. 1:8, pp. 1–7. DOI: 10.1186/2046-7648-1-8
10. Knechtle B., Waśkiewicz Z., Sousa C.V. et al. Cold Water Swimming-Benefits and Risks: A Narrative Review. International Journal Environment Reserch Public Healthcare, 2020, no. 17 (23), pp. 8984–9004. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17238984
11. Eccles R., Wilkinson J.E. Exposure to Cold and Acute Upper Respiratory Tract Infection. Rhinology, 2015, no. 53, pp. 99–106. DOI: 10.4193/Rhin14.239
12. Butcher J. Profile: Lewis Gordon Pugh-Polar Swimmer. Lancet, 2005, no. 366, pp. 23–24. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67833-6
13. Knechtle B., Christinger N., Kohler G. et al. Swimming in Ice Cold Water. Ir Journal Medical Science, 2009, no. 178 (4), pp. 507–511. DOI: 10.1007/s11845-009-0427-0
14. Stjepanovic M., Nikolaidis P.T., Knechtle B. Swimming Three Ice Miles within Fifteen Hours. Chin Journal Physiology, 2017, no. 60 (4), pp. 197–206. DOI: 10.4077/CJP.2017.BAF467
15. Crow B.T., Matthay E.C., Schatz S.P. et al. The Body Mass Index of San Francisco Cold-water Swimmers: Comparisons to U.S. National and Local Populations, and Pool Swimmers. International Journal Exercise Science, 2017, no. 10 (8), pp. 1250–1262.
16. Manolis A.S., Manolis S.A., Manolis A.A. et al. Winter Swimming: Body Hardening and Cardiorespiratory Protection Via Sustainable Acclimation. Curr Sports Medical Rep., 2019, no. 18 (11), pp. 401–415. DOI: 10.1249/JSR.0000000000000653
2. Белая, Ж.Е. Роль физических нагрузок в норме и при сахарном диабете / Ж.Е. Белая, О.М. Смирнова, И.И. Дедов // Проблемы эндокринологии. – 2005. – Т. 51, № 2. – С. 28–37.
3. Динамика эмоционального состояния и физиологических параметров организма при длительном акватермальном воздействии / Т.А. Фишер, С.А. Петров, Е.Л. Доценко, Ю.Г. Суховей // Вопросы курортологии, физиотерапии и лечебной физ. культуры. – 2018. – Т. 95, № 3. – С. 57–62.
4. Жигулина, В.В. Биохимический ответ организма на стресс (обзор литературы) / В.В. Жигулина // Верхневолжский мед. журнал. – 2014. – Т. 12, № 4. – С. 25–30.
5. Изменение гемодинамических, психофизиологических показателей и адаптационного потенциала мужчин трудоспособного возраста, занимающихся водно-холодовым закаливанием / Т.А. Фишер, С.С. Колыванова, А.А. Пушников, О.Н. Лепунова // Вопросы курортологии, физиотерапии и лечебной физ. культуры. – 2020. – Т. 97, № 6. – С. 40–49.
6. Мартиросов, Э.Г. Технологии и методы определения состава тела человека / Э.Г. Мартиросов, Д.В. Николаев, С.Г. Руднев. – М.: Наука, 2006. – 248 c.
7. Метаболические особенности и терапевтический потенциал бурой и «бежевой» жировой ткани / Е.О. Кокшарова, А.Ю. Майоров, М.В. Шестакова, И.И. Дедов // Сахарный диабет. – 2014. – № 4. – С. 5–15.
8. “Brain over body” – A study on the willful regulation of autonomic function during cold exposure / O. Muzik, K.T. Reilly, V.A. Diwadkar // Neuroimage. – 2018. – № 172. – Р. 632–641.
9. Changes in body core and body surface temperatures during prolonged swimming in water of 10 °C – a case report / C.A. Rüst, B. Knechtle, T. Rosemann // Extrem Physiol Med. – 2012. – № 1:8. – Р. 1–7.
10. Cold Water Swimming-Benefits and Risks: A Narrative Review. / B. Knechtle, Z. Waśkie-wicz, C.V. Sousa, L. Hill, P.T. Nikolaidis // Int J Environ Res Public Health. – 2020. – № 17 (23). – Р. 8984–9004.
11. Exposure to Cold and acute Upper Respiratory Tract Infection / R. Eccles, J.E. Wilkinson // Rhinology. – 2015. – No. 53. – Р. 99–106.
12. Profile: Lewis Gordon Pugh-Polar swimmer / J. Butcher // Lancet. – 2005. – No. 366. – Р. 23–24.
13. Swimming in ice cold water / B. Knechtle, N. Christinger, G. Kohler, P. Knechtle, T. Rosemann // Ir J Med Sci. – 2009. – No. 178 (4). – Р. 507–511.
14. Swimming Three Ice Miles within Fifteen Hours / M. Stjepanovic, P.T. Nikolaidis, B. Knechtle // Chin J Physiol. – 2017. – No. 60 (4). – Р. 197–206.
15. The Body Mass Index of San Francisco Cold-water Swimmers: Comparisons to U.S. National and Local Populations, and Pool Swimmers / B.T. Crow, E.C. Matthay, S.P. Schatz et al. // Int J Exerc Sci. – 2017. – No. 10 (8). – Р. 1250–1262.
16. Winter Swimming: Body Hardening and Cardiorespiratory Protection Via Sustainable Acclimation / A.S. Manolis, S.A. Manolis, A.A. Manolis et al. // Curr Sports Med Rep. – 2019. – No. 18 (11). – Р. 401–415.
References on translit
1. Arbuzova N.A., Polievsky S.A. Infrastruktura zimnego plavaniya kak vazhnogo ekstrim-napravleniya i komponenta zakalivaniya organizma k holodu (analitiko-eksperimental'noe issledovanie) [Infrastructure of Winter Swimming as an Important Extreme Direction and a Component of Hardening the Body to the Cold]. Moscow, BIBKOM Publ., 2021. 72 р.2. Belaya Zh.E., Smirnova O.M., Dedov I.I. [Role of Exercises in Health and in Diabetes Mellitus]. Problemy endokrinologii [Problems of Endocrinology], 2005, vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 28–37. (in Russ.)
3. Fisher T.A., Petrov S.A., Dotsenko E.L., Suhovei Yu.G. [Dynamics of the Emotional State and Physiological Parameters of the Organism during Long-term Aqua-thermal Impact]. Voprosy kurortologii, fizioterapii i lechebnoy fizicheskoy kul’tury [Problems of Balneology, Physiotherapy, and Exercise Therapy], 2018, vol. 95, no. 3, pp. 57–62. (in Russ.) DOI: 10.17116/kurort201895357
4. Zhigulina V.V. [Biochemical Response of the Body to Stress (Overview)]. Verkhnevolzhskiy meditsinskiy zhurnal [Upper Volga Medical Journal], 2014, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 25–30. (in Russ.)
5. Fisher T.A., Kolyvanova S.S., Pushnikov A.A., Lepunova O.N. [The Dynamics of Hemo-dynamic, Psychophysiological Parameters and Adaptive Potential of Men of Working Age Engaged in Water-Cold Hardening]. Voprosy kurortologii, fizioterapii i lechebnoy fizicheskoy kul’tury [Problems of Balneology, Physiotherapy, and Exercise Therapy], 2020, vol. 97, no. 6, pp. 40–49. (in Russ.) DOI: 10.17116/kurort20209706140
6. Martirosov Je.G., Nikolaev D.V., Rudnev S.G. Tehnologii i metody opredeleniya sostava tela cheloveka [Technologies and Methods for Determining the Composition of the Human Body]. Мoscow, Science Publ., 2006. 248 р.
7. Koksharova E.O., Mayorov A.Yu., Shestakova M.V., Dedov I.I. [Metabolic Characteristics and Therapeutic Potential of Brown and Beige Adipose Tissues]. Sakharnyy diabet [Diabetes Mellitus], 2014, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 5–15. (in Russ.) DOI: 10.14341/DM201445-15
8. Muzik O., Reilly K.T., Diwadkar V.A. “Brain over body” – A Study on the Willful Regulation of Autonomic Function During Cold Exposure. Neuroimage, 2018, no. 172, pp. 632–641. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.01.067
9. Rüst C.A., Knechtle B., Rosemann T. Changes in Body Core and Body Surface Temperatures During Prolonged Swimming in Water of 10 °C – a Case Report. Extrem Physiology Medical, 2012, no. 1:8, pp. 1–7. DOI: 10.1186/2046-7648-1-8
10. Knechtle B., Waśkiewicz Z., Sousa C.V. et al. Cold Water Swimming-Benefits and Risks: A Narrative Review. International Journal Environment Reserch Public Healthcare, 2020, no. 17 (23), pp. 8984–9004. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17238984
11. Eccles R., Wilkinson J.E. Exposure to Cold and Acute Upper Respiratory Tract Infection. Rhinology, 2015, no. 53, pp. 99–106. DOI: 10.4193/Rhin14.239
12. Butcher J. Profile: Lewis Gordon Pugh-Polar Swimmer. Lancet, 2005, no. 366, pp. 23–24. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67833-6
13. Knechtle B., Christinger N., Kohler G. et al. Swimming in Ice Cold Water. Ir Journal Medical Science, 2009, no. 178 (4), pp. 507–511. DOI: 10.1007/s11845-009-0427-0
14. Stjepanovic M., Nikolaidis P.T., Knechtle B. Swimming Three Ice Miles within Fifteen Hours. Chin Journal Physiology, 2017, no. 60 (4), pp. 197–206. DOI: 10.4077/CJP.2017.BAF467
15. Crow B.T., Matthay E.C., Schatz S.P. et al. The Body Mass Index of San Francisco Cold-water Swimmers: Comparisons to U.S. National and Local Populations, and Pool Swimmers. International Journal Exercise Science, 2017, no. 10 (8), pp. 1250–1262.
16. Manolis A.S., Manolis S.A., Manolis A.A. et al. Winter Swimming: Body Hardening and Cardiorespiratory Protection Via Sustainable Acclimation. Curr Sports Medical Rep., 2019, no. 18 (11), pp. 401–415. DOI: 10.1249/JSR.0000000000000653
Published
2023-03-02
How to Cite
Fisher, T., Bobreshova, S., & Yarkin, A. (2023). AUTONOMIC REGULATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND METABOLIC PROCESSES IN SWIMMERS COMPETING FOR A RECORD IN ICE WATER. Human. Sport. Medicine, 22(4), 35-43. https://doi.org/10.14529/hsm220404
Issue
Section
Physiology
Copyright (c) 2023 Human. Sport. Medicine
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
