NEURONAL MECHANISMS OF THE BENEFICIAL MOOD EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL EXCERCISE
Keywords:
depression, antidepressant drugs, voluntary physical exercise, serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, neuropeptides, ?-endorphin, oxytocin, vasopressin
Abstract
Aim. The current work aims to summarize the experimental data (from author’s and other laboratories) on the neuronal mechanism of the mood effect of physical exercise and to suggest a potential mood-stabilizing mechanism of physical activity. Materials and Methods. Physical Depression is a brain disorder characterized by severe emotional, cognitive, neuroendocrine, and somatic dysfunctions. Based on this concept, the author performed a review of experimental data on various ways to manage depression including medical treatment and physical exercise. Results. Although the last generation of antidepressant drugs demonstrates improved clinical efficacy and safety, the onset of their clinical effect is still significantly delayed from the beginning of the treatment course, and significant number of patients show lack of adequate response to these drugs and/or relapse of the disease even after initially successful treatment. Certain non-pharmaceutical strategies are used as adjuncts or replacements to antidepressant drugs when the formers are ineffective. One of such strategies is the voluntary physical exercise. Conclusions. Voluntary physical exercise can be an adjunct physiotherapeutic treatment in depression, given together with the pharmacotherapy, e.g., with SSRIs. One of the potential mechanisms of action of physical exercise in depression is stimulation of basic and/or reversal of the SSRI-induced inhibition of 5-HT tone. Other potential mechanisms, such as neuropeptide pathways, should be investigated in the future studies.References
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2. Andersen I.A., Thielen K., Bech P., Nygaard E., Diderichsen F. Increasing Prevalence of Depression From 2000 to 2006. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 2011, vol. 39, iss. 8, pp. 857–863. DOI: 10.1177/1403494811424611
3. Bair M.J., Robinson R.L., Katon W., Kroenke K. Depression and Pain Comorbidity. A Literature Review. Archives of Internal Medicine, 2003, vol. 163, iss. 20, pp. 2433–2445. DOI: 10.1001/archinte.163.20.2433
4. Bair M.J., Robinson R.L., Eckert G.J., Stang P.E., Croghan T.W., Kroenke K. Impact of Pain on Depression Treatment Response in Primary Care. Psychosomatic Medicine, 2004, vol. 66, iss. 1, pp. 17–22. DOI: 10.1097/01.PSY.0000106883.94059.C5
5. Bakos J., Bobryshev P., Tillinger A., Kvetnansky R., Jezova D. Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase Gene Expression in the Heart and Blood Pressure Response to Oxytocin Treatment in Rats Exposed to Voluntary Wheel Running. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2008, vol. 1148, pp. 302–307. DOI: 10.1196/annals.1410.031
6. Bakos J., Hlavacova N., Makatsori A., Tybitanclova K., Zorad S., Oxytocin Levels in the Posterior Pituitary and in the Heart are Modified by Voluntary Wheel Running. Regulatory Peptides, 2007, vol. 139, iss. 1–3, pp. 96–101. DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2006.10.011
7. Berczik K., Szabo A., Griffiths M.D., Kurimay T., Kun B.B, Urban R., Demetrovics Z. Exercise Addiction. Symptoms, Diagnosis, Epidemiology, and Etiology. Substance Use and Misuse, 2012, vol. 47, iss. 4, pp. 403–417. DOI: 10.3109/10826084.2011.639120
8. Blier P., El Mansari M. Serotonin and Beyond. Therapeutics for Major Depression. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences, 2013, vol. 368, iss. 1615, pp. 5–36. DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0536
9. Blumenthal J.A., Smith P.J., Hoffman B.M. Opinion and Evidence. Is Exercise a Viable Treatment for Depression. ACSM's Health and Fitness Journal, 2012, vol. 16, iss. 4, pp. 14–21.
10. Cuijpers P., van Straten A., Warmerdam L., Andersson G. Psychotherapy Versus the Combination of Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy in the Treatment of Depression. A Meta-Analysis. Depress Anxiety, 2009, no. 26 (3), pp. 279–288. DOI: 10.1002/da.20519
11. Delgado P.L., Miller H.L., Salomon R.M., Licinio J., Krystal J.H., Moreno F.A., Heninger G.R., Charney D.S. Tryptophan-Depletion Challenge in Depressed Patients Treated with Desipramine or Fluoxetine. Implications for the Role of Serotonin in the Mechanism of Antidepressant Action. Biol. Psychiatry, 1999, № 46, pp. 212–220. DOI: 10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00014-1
12. Dremencov E. Aiming at New Targets for the Treatment of Affective Disorders. Current Drug Targets, 2009, vol. 10, iss. 11, pp. 10–49. DOI: 10.2174/138945009789735183
13. Dremencov E., El Mansari M., Blier P. Brain Norepinephrine System as a Target for Antidepressant and Mood Stabilizing Medications. Current Drug Targets, 2009, vol. 10, iss. 11, pp. 1061–1068. DOI: 10.2174/138945009789735165
14. Dremencov E., Mansari M., Blier P. Effects of Sustained Serotonin Reuptake Inhibition on the Firing of Dopamine Neurons in the Rat Ventral
Tegmental Area. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, 2009, vol. 34, iss. 3, pp. 223–229.
15. Duncko R., Schwendt M., Jezova D. Altered Glutamate Receptor and Corticoliberin Gene Expression in Brain Regions Related to Hedonic Behavior in Rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 2003, no. 76, pp. 9–16. DOI: 10.1016/S0091-3057(03)00164-3
16. Dursun O.B., Erhan S.E. The Effect of Ice Skating on Psychological Well-Being and Sleep Quality of Children with Visual or Hearing Impairment. Disability and Rehabilitation, 2015, vol. 37, iss. 9, pp. 783–789. DOI: 10.3109/09638288.2014.942002
17. El Mansari M., Guiard B.P., Chernoloz O., Ghanbari R., Katz N., Blier P. Relevance of Norepinephrine-Dopamine Interactions in the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder. CNS Neuroscience and Therapeutics, 2010, vol. 16, iss. 3, pp. 1–17. DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-5949.2010.00146
18. Guiard B.P., Chenu F., El Mansari M., Blier P. Characterization of the Electrophysiological Properties of Triple Reuptake Inhibitors on Monoaminergic Neurons. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol., 2011, no. 14, pp. 211–223. DOI: 10.1017/S1461145710000076
19. Guiard B.P., El Mansari M., Blier P. Prospect of a Dopamine Contribution in the Next Generation of Antidepressant Drugs. The Triple Reuptake Inhibitors. Current Drug Targets, 2009, vol. 10, iss. 11, pp. 1069–1084. DOI: 10.2174/138945009789735156
20. Herbsleb M., Schulz S., Ostermann S., Donath L., Eisentrager D., Puta C. The Relation of Autonomic Function to Physical Fitness in Patients Suffering From Alcohol Dependence. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 2013, vol. 132, iss. 3, pp. 505–512. DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.03.016
21. Hlavacova N., Bakos J., Jezova D. Eplerenone, a selective mineralocorticoid receptor blocker, exerts anxiolytic effects accompanied by changes in stress hormone release. J. Psychopharmacol., 2010, no. 24, pp. 779–786. DOI: 10.1177/0269881109106955
22. Hollander A.C. Social Inequalities in Mental Health and Mortality Among Refugees and Other Immigrants to Sweden – Epidemiological Studies of Register Data. Global Health Action, 2013, vol. 6, iss. 1. DOI: 10.3402/gha.v6i0.21059
23. Hotting K., Roder B. Beneficial Effects of Physical Exercise on Neuroplasticity and Cognition. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 2013, vol. 37, iss. 9, pp. 2243–2257. DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.04.005
24. Jezova D., Michajlovskij N., Kvethansky R., Makara G.B. Paraventricular and Supraoptic Nuclei of the Hypothalamus are Not Equally Important for Oxytocin Release During Stress. Neuroendocrinology, 1993, vol. 57, iss. 5, pp. 776–781.
25. Jezova D., Skultetyova I., Tokarev D.I., Bakos P., Vigas M. Vasopressin and Oxytocin in Stress. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1995, vol. 771, iss. 1, pp. 192–203. DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1995.tb44681
26. Jezova D., Vigas M. Apomorphine Injection Stimulates ?-Endorphin, Adrenocorticotropin, and Cortisol Release in Healthy Man. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 1988, vol. 13, iss. 6, pp. 479–485. DOI: 10.1016/0306-4530(88)90033-9
27. Jezova D., Vigas M., Tatar P., Kvetnansky R., Nazar K. Plasma Testosterone and Catecholamine Responses to Physical Exercise of Different Intensities in Men. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 1985, vol. 54, iss. 1, pp. 62–66. DOI: 10.1007/BF00426300
28. Kandel E.R., Schwartz J.H., Jessell T.M. Principles of Neural Science. Elsevier, 2000.
29. Kendrick T., Chatwin J., Dowrick C. Randomised Controlled Trial to Determine the Clinical Effectiveness and Cost-Effectiveness of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors Plus Supportive Care, Versus Supportive Care Alone, for Mild to Moderate Depression with Somatic Symptoms in Primary Care. The THREAD (THREshold for AntiDepressant Response) Study. Health Technol Assess, 2009, vol. 13, iss. 22, pp. 1–159. DOI: 10.3310/hta13220
30. Kennedy S.H. A Review of Antidepressant Treatments Today. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol., 2006, no. 16 (Suppl. 5), pp. 619–662. DOI: 10.1016/S0924-977X(06)70007-4
31. Koeh M., Meerlo P., Gonzales D., Rontal A., Turek F.W., Abrous D.N. Exercise-Induced Promotion of Hippocampal Cell Proliferation Requires ?-Endorphin. FASEB Journal, 2008, vol. 22, iss. 7, pp. 2253–2262.
32. Kye S.Y., Park K. Health-Related Determinants of Happiness in Korean Adults. International Journal of Public Health, 2014, vol. 59, iss. 5, pp. 731–738. DOI: 10.1007/s00038-014-0588-0
33. Lapmanee S., Charoenphandhu J., Charoenphandhu N. Beneficial Effects of Fluoxetine, Reboxetine, Venlafaxine, and Voluntary Running Exercise in Stressed Male Rats with Anxiety- and Depression-Like Behaviors. Behavioural Brain Research., 2013, vol. 250, pp. 316–325. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.05.018
34. Lion J. R., Millan C., Raylor R. J. Reserpine and the Induction of Depression. A Case Report. Dis. Nerv. Syst., 1975, no. 36, pp. 321–322.
35. Makatsori A., Duncko R., Schwendt M., Moncek F., Johansson B.B., Jezova D. Voluntary Wheel Running Modulates Glutamate Receptor Subunit Gene Expression and Stress Hormone Release in Lewis Rats. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 2003, vol. 28, iss. 5, pp. 702–714. DOI: 10.1016/S0306-4530(02)00062-8
36. Makatsori A., Michal D.U., Jan B., Jezova D. Neuroendocrine Changes in Adult Female Rats Prenatally Exposed to Phenytoin. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 2005, vol. 27, iss. 3, pp. 509–514. DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2005.01.012
37. Mlynarik M., Zelena D., Bagdy G., Makara G.B., Jezova D. Signs of Attenuated Depression-Like Behavior in Vasopressin Deficient Brattleboro Rats. Horm. Behav., 2007, no. 51, pp. 395–405. DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2006.12.007
38. Neumann I.D., Landgraf R. Balance of Brain Oxytocin and Vasopressin. Implications for Anxiety, Depression, and Social Behaviors. Trends in Neurosciences, 2012, vol. 35, iss. 11, pp. 649–659. DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2012.08.004
39. Ondrejcakova M., Bakos J., Garafova A., Kovacs L., Kvetnansky R., Jezova D. Neuroendocrine and Cardiovascular Parameters During Simulation of Stress-Induced Rise in Circulating Oxytocin in the Rat. Stress, 2010, vol. 13, iss. 4, pp. 314–322. DOI: 10.3109/10253891003596822
40. Pavlovicova M., Lacinova L., Dremencov E. Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Treatment of Depression. Focusing on Hippocampal G-Protein-Coupled Receptors and Voltage-Dependent Calcium Channels. General Physiology and Biophysics, 2015, vol. 34, iss. 4, pp. 353–366.
41. Ravindran L., Kennedy S.H. Are Antidepressants as Effective as Claimed? Yes, but... Can. J. Psychiatry, 2007, no. 52, pp. 98–99.
42. Sarlio-Lahteenkorva S., Rissanen A. Weight Loss Maintenance. Determinants of Long-Term Success. Eating and Weight Disorders, 1998, vol. 3, iss. 3, pp. 131–135. DOI: 10.1007/BF03340000
43. Unoka Z., Tolgyes T., Czobor P., Simon L. Eating Disorder Behavior and Early Maladaptive Schemas in Subgroups of Eating Disorders. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 2010, vol. 198, iss. 6, pp. 425–431. DOI: 10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181e07d3d
44. Warner-Schmidt J.L., Duman R.S. Hippocampal Neurogenesis. Opposing Effects of Stress and Antidepressant Treatment. Hippocampus, 2006, no. 16, pp. 239–249. DOI: 10.1002/hipo.20156
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Published
2016-12-01
How to Cite
Dremencov, E. (2016). NEURONAL MECHANISMS OF THE BENEFICIAL MOOD EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL EXCERCISE. Human. Sport. Medicine, 16(4), 87-92. https://doi.org/10.14529/hsm160409
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