THE USE OF SHORT-TERM HYPNOTIC EFFECT FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF AUTOSUGGESTION IN ATHLETES
Keywords:
hypnosis, self-hypnosis, suggestion, autosuggestion, altered state of consciousness, EEG, alpha rhythm
Abstract
Aim. The study aims to explore the effectiveness of hypnosis for the development of autosuggestion in athletes. Materials and methods. Ten male athletes aged from 20 to 32 years without previous experience of hypnosis and self-hypnosis were involved in the study. The baseline level of autosuggestion was evaluated with a rapid hypnotizability test and EEG recording during the unassisted altered state of consciousness. Then the sample was randomly divided into the experimental (5 subjects) and control (5 subjects) groups. Each subject from the experimental group was given 5 hypnosis sessions for the development of autosuggestion. Repeated tests were performed three weeks later (hypnotizability test and EEG recording). The control group had no hypnosis sessions. Results. The results of the first and second measurements showed increased alpha-wave correlation synchrony in the occipital leads as a result of 5 hypnosis sessions. In the control group, the data obtained were ambiguous: decreased and slightly decreased synchrony from measurement to measurement was found in 3 and 2 participants respectively. The results of the rapid hypnotizability test were higher after the second measurement in all subjects of the experimental group. In the control group, the results of the first and second measurements did not differ for the majority of subjects. Conclusion. The results obtained demonstate that hypnosis sessions were effective for the development of autosuggestion in athletes. The EEG data obtained during hypnosis reflected the involvement of the right hemisphere and the more synchronous activity of the brain.
References
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15. Batty M.J., Bonnington S., Tang B.K. et al. Relaxation Strategies and Enhancement of Hypnotic Susceptibility: EEG Neurofeedback, Progressive Muscle Relaxation and Self-Hypnosis. Brain Research Bulletin, 2006, vol. 71, no. 1–3, pp. 83–90. DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2006.08.005
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17. Straub W.F., Bowman J.J. A Review of the Development of Sport Hypnosis as a Performance Enhancement Method for Athletes. Journal of Psychology and Clinical Psychiatry, 2016, vol. 6, no. 6, p. 00378. DOI: 10.15406/jpcpy.2016.06.00378
2. Альфа-активность ЭЭГ в зависимости от стадии менструального цикла и уровня прогестерона / О.М. Базанова, А.В. Кондратенко, О.И. Кузьминова и др. // Физиология человека. – 2014. – Т. 40, №. 2. – С. 31–40.
3. Гримак, Л.П. Гипноз как системообразующий фактор измененных психических состояний человека / Л.П. Гримак // Психол. журнал. – 2004. – Т. 25, № 2. – С. 66–74.
4. Кулаичев, А.П. Метод анализа корреляционной синхронности ЭЭГ и его возможности / А.П. Кулаичев // Журнал высшей нервной деятельности им. И. П. Павлова. – 2011. – Т. 61, № 4. – С. 485–498.
5. Платонов, К.И. Слово как физиологический и лечебный фактор / К.И. Платонов. – Харьков: Гос. изд-во Украины, 1930. – 116 с.
6. Barker, J.B. Assessing the immediate and maintained effects of hypnosis on self-efficacy and soccer wall-volley performance / J.B. Barker, M.V. Jones, I. Greenlees // Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. – 2010. – Vol. 32, no. 2. – P. 243–252.
7. Cortex functional connectivity as a neurophysiological correlate of hypnosis: an EEG case study / A.A. Fingelkurts, A.A. Fingelkurts, S. Kallio, A. Revonsuo // Neuropsychologia. – 2007. – Vol. 45, no. 7. – P. 1452–1462.
8. Gruzelier, J.H. Frontal functions, connectivity and neural efficiency underpinning hypnosis and hypnotic susceptibility / J.H. Gruzelier // Contemporary Hypnosis. – 2006. – Vol. 23, no. 1. – P. 15–32.
9. Hinterberger, T. Analysis of electrophysiological state patterns and changes during hypnosis induction / T. Hinterberger, J. Schöner, U. Halsband // International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis. – 2011. – Vol. 59, no. 2. – P. 165–179.
10. Iglesias, A. Clinical hypnosis with a Little League baseball population: performance enhancement and resolving traumatic experiences / A. Iglesias, A. Iglesias // American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis. – 2011. – Vol. 53, no. 3. – P. 183–191.
11. Imagery of different sensory modalities: hypnotizability and body sway / G. Carli, F.I. Cavallaro, C.A. Rendo, E.L. Santarcangelo // Experimental brain research. – 2007. – Vol. 179, no. 2. – P. 147–154.
12. Jensen, M.P. Brain oscillations, hypnosis, and hypnotizability / M.P. Jensen, T. Adachi, S. Hakimian // American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis. – 2015. – Vol. 57, no. 3. – P. 230–253.
13. Jiang H. Brain activity and functional connectivity associated with hypnosis / H. Jiang, M.P. White, M.D. Greicius // Cerebral cortex. – 2017. – Vol. 27, no. 8. – P. 4083–4093.
14. Naish, P. Hypnosis and hemispheric asymmetry / P. Naish // Consciousness and Cognition. – 2010. – Vol. 19, no. 1. – P. 230–234.
15. Relaxation strategies and enhancement of hypnotic susceptibility: EEG neurofeedback, progressive muscle relaxation and self-hypnosis / M.J. Batty, S. Bonnington, B.K. Tang et al. // Brain research bulletin. – 2006. – Vol. 71, no. 1–3. – P. 83–90.
16. Ruggirello, S. Does hypnotic assessment predict the functional equivalence between motor imagery and action? / S. Ruggirello, L. Campioni, S. Piermanni // Brain and cognition. – 2019. – Vol. 136. – P. 103598.
17. Straub, W.F. A Review of the Development of Sport Hypnosis as a Performance Enhancement Method for Athletes / W.F. Straub, J.J. Bowman // Journal of Psychology and Clinical Psychiatry. – 2016. – Vol. 6, no. 6. – P. 00378.
References on translit
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3. Grimak L.P. [Hypnosis as a Backbone Factor in Altered Mental States of a Person]. Psikho-logicheskiy zhurnal [Psychological Journal], 2004, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 66–74. (in Russ.)
4. Kulaichev A.P. [EEG Correlation Synchrony Analysis Method and its Possibilities]. Zhurnal vysshey nervnoy deyatel’nosti imeni I. P. Pavlova [Journal of Higher Nervous Activity named after I.P. Pavlov], 2011, vol. 61, no. 4, pp. 485–498. (in Russ.)
5. Platonov K.I. Slovo, kak fiziologicheskiy i lechebnyy factor [The Word as a Physiological and Therapeutic Factor]. Khar’kov, Ukraina Publ., 1930. 116 p.
6. Barker J.B., Jones M.V., Greenlees I. Assessing the Immediate and Maintained Effects of Hypnosis on Self-Efficacy and Soccer Wall-Volley Performance. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 2010, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 243–252. DOI: 10.1123/jsep.32.2.243
7. Fingelkurts A.A., Fingelkurts A.A., Kallio S., Revonsuo A. Cortex Functional Connectivity as a Neurophysiological Correlate of Hypnosis: an EEG Case Study. Neuropsychologia, 2007, vol. 45, no. 7, pp. 1452–1462. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.11.018
8. Gruzelier J.H. Frontal Functions, Connectivity and Neural Efficiency Underpinning Hypnosis and Hypnotic Susceptibility. Contemporary Hypnosis, 2006, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 15–32. DOI: 10.1002/ch.35
9. Hinterberger T., Schöner J., Halsband U. Analysis of Electrophysiological State Patterns and Changes During Hypnosis Induction. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 2011, vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 165–179. DOI: 10.1080/00207144.2011.546188
10. Iglesias A., Iglesias A. Clinical Hypnosis with a Little League Baseball Population: Performance Enhancement and Resolving Traumatic Experiences. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 2011, vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 183–191. DOI: 10.1080/00029157.2011.10401756
11. Carli G., Cavallaro F.I., Rendo C.A., Santarcangelo E.L. Imagery of Different Sensory Modalities: Hypnotizability and Body Sway. Experimental Brain Research, 2007, vol. 179, no. 2, pp. 147–154. DOI: 10.1007/s00221-006-0776-0
12. Jensen M.P., Adachi T., Hakimian S. Brain Oscillations, Hypnosis, and Hypnotizability. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 2015, vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 230–253. DOI: 10.1080/00029157.2014.976786
13. Jiang H., White M.P., Greicius M.D. Brain Activity and Functional Connectivity Associated with Hypnosis. Cerebral Cortex, 2017, vol. 27, no. 8, pp. 4083–4093. DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw220
14. Naish P. Hypnosis and Hemispheric Asymmetry. Consciousness and Cognition, 2010, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 230–234. DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2009.10.003
15. Batty M.J., Bonnington S., Tang B.K. et al. Relaxation Strategies and Enhancement of Hypnotic Susceptibility: EEG Neurofeedback, Progressive Muscle Relaxation and Self-Hypnosis. Brain Research Bulletin, 2006, vol. 71, no. 1–3, pp. 83–90. DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2006.08.005
16. Ruggirello S., Campioni L., Piermanni S. Does Hypnotic Assessment Predict the Functional Equivalence Between Motor Imagery and Action? Brain and Cognition, 2019, vol. 136, p. 103598. DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2019.103598
17. Straub W.F., Bowman J.J. A Review of the Development of Sport Hypnosis as a Performance Enhancement Method for Athletes. Journal of Psychology and Clinical Psychiatry, 2016, vol. 6, no. 6, p. 00378. DOI: 10.15406/jpcpy.2016.06.00378
Published
2022-12-09
How to Cite
Kvitchasty, A., & Kovaleva, A. (2022). THE USE OF SHORT-TERM HYPNOTIC EFFECT FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF AUTOSUGGESTION IN ATHLETES. Human. Sport. Medicine, 22(3), 7-15. https://doi.org/10.14529/hsm220301
Issue
Section
Physiology
