OBESITY AND OVERWEIGHT IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS: PROBLEMS AND POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS
Keywords:
obesity in children and adolescents, physical activity in schoolchildren, diagnosis of obesity
Abstract
Aim. To identify the state of the problem of obesity and overweight among children and adolescents and define the prospects for this field of study. Materials and methods. The paper presents a review of 27 literature sources and 4 program documents about obesity and overweight among children and adolescents. Results. Overweight in childhood is one of the main prerequisites for the development of cardiovascular diseases, being on the short list of mortality causes both in Russia and abroad. This paper presents a review of relevant epidemiologic data, the aspects of physiology and pathophysiology of adipose tissue, the methods of diagnosing overweight and obesity among children and adolescents, and the unresolved issues of a standard diagnostic scheme for this pathology. Special attention was paid to the reversible nature of metabolic processes induced by obesity and overweight, as well as to the role of regular moderate-to-intensive physical activities for the prophylaxis and treatment of obesity among schoolchildren. Conclusion. Unresolved issues in the field include the following: 1) the unknown effect of puberty on the development of obesity; 2) insufficient data on the severity and reversibility of cardiovascular pathologies in schoolchildren; and 3) the absence of well-established standard recommendations for physical education among children and adolescents in Russia and abroad.
References
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22. Romantsova, T.I.Adipose tissue: Colors, depots and functions / T.I. Romantsova // Obesity and Metabolism. – 2021. – Vol. 18. – Р. 282–301. DOI: 10.14341/omet12748
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3. Anufriyeva E.V., Kovtun O.P., Kiyayev A.V. et al. [An Integrated Approach to Organizing Medical Care for School-Age Children with Excess Body Weight]. Sotsial’nyye aspekty zdorov’ya naseleniya [Social Aspects of Public Health], 2022, vol. 68, no. 2, pp. 6–12. (in Russ.) DOI: 10.21045-2071-5021-2021-68-2-6
4. Mamatkhuzhayeva G. [Current State of the Study of Epidemiology and Diagnosis of Obesity in Children and Adolescents (Literature Review)]. Mezhdunarodnyy zhurnal nauchnoy pediatrii [International Journal of Scientific Pediatrics], 2022, vol. 3, pp. 23–34. (in Russ.) DOI: 10.65121/2181-2926-2022-2-23-34
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9. de C. Silveira J.F., Barbian C.D., Burgos L.T. et al. Association between the Screen Time and the Cardiorespiratory Fitness with the Presence of Metabolic Risk in Schoolchildren. Revista Paulista de Pediatria, 2020, vol. 38, e2019134. DOI: 10.1590/1984-0462/2020/38/2019134
10. Vanderloo L.M., Keown-Stoneman C.D.G., Sivanesan H. et al. Association of Screen Time and Cardiometabolic Risk in School-Aged Children. Preventive Medicine Reports, 2020, vol. 20, e101183. DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2020.101183
11. Bouchard C., Bray G.A. Handbook of Obesity. Marcel Dekker. Inc., 2004. 1231 р.
12. Van Putte-Katier N., Rooman R.P., Haas L. et al. Early Cardiac Abnormalities in Obese Children: Importance of Obesity Per Se Versus Associated Cardiovascular Risk Factors. Pediatric Research, 2008, vol. 64, pp. 205–209. DOI: 10.1203/PDR.0b013e318176182b
13. Hosseinpanah F., Barzin M., Sheikholeslami F., Azizi F. Effect of Different Obesity Phenotypes on Cardiovascular Events in Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS). American Journal of Cardiology, 2011, vol. 107, pp. 412–416. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2010.09.034
14. Kono Y., Yoshinaga M., Oku S. et al. Effect of Obesity on Echocardiographic Parameters in Children. International Journal of Cardiology, 1994, vol. 46, pp. 7–13. DOI: 10.1016/0167-5273(94) 90111-2
15. Ghanem S., Mostafa M., Ayad S. Early Echocardiography Abnormalities in Obese Children and Adolescent and Reversibility of these Abnormalities After Significant Weight Reduction. Journal of Saudi Heart Association, 2010, vol. 22, pp. 13–18. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsha.2010.03.003
16. Neville R.D., Lakes K.D., Hopkins W.G. et al. Global Changes in Child and Adolescent Physical Activity during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Journal of the American Medical Association: Pediatrics, 2022, vol. 176, pp. 886–894. DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.2313
17. Krotkiewski M., Bjorntorp P., Sjostrom L., Smith U. Impact of Obesity on Metabolism in Men and Women. Importance of Regional Adipose Tissue Distribution. Journal of Clinical Investigations, 1983, vol. 72, pp. 1150–1162. DOI: 10.1172/JCI111040
18. von der Born J., Baberowski S., Memaran N. et al. Impact of Sex and Obesity on Echocardiographic Parameters in Children and Adolescents. Pediatric Cardiology, 2022, vol. 43, pp. 1502–1516. DOI: 10.1007/s00246-022-02876-2
19. Janssen I., Roberts K.C., Thompson W. Adherence to the 24-hour Movement Guidelines Among 10- to 17-year-old Canadians. Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada, 2017, vol. 37, pp. 369–375. DOI: 10.24095/hpcdp.37.11.01
20. Malyavskaya S.I., Lebedev A.V. The Relevance of Metabolic Phenotypes of Obesity in Childhood and Adolescence. Almimentary Clinical Medicine, 2016, vol. 42, pp. 38–45. DOI: 10.18786/2072-0505-2015-42-38-45
21. Müller M.J., Geisler C. Defining Obesity as a Disease. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2017, vol. 71, pp. 1256–1258. DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2017.155
22. Romantsova T.I. Adipose Tissue: Colors, Depots and Functions. Obesity and Metabolism, 2021, vol. 18, pp. 282–301. DOI: 10.14341/omet12748
23. Kelley D.E., Thaete F.L., Troost F. et al. Subdivisions of Subcutaneous Abdominal Adipose Tissue and Insulin Resistance. American Journal omusaf Physiology – Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2000, vol. 278, pp. 941–948. DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.2000.278.5.E941
24. Musa S., Elyamani R., Dergaa I. COVID-19 and screen-based sedentary behaviour: Systematic review of digital screen time and metabolic syndrome in adolescents. PLoS ONE, 2002, vol. 17, e0265560. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265560
25. Tchernof A., Després J.P. Pathophysiology of Human Visceral Obesity: An Update. Physiology Review, 2013, vol. 93, pp. 359–404. DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00033.2011
26. Lauer. M.S., Anderson K.M., Kannel W.B., Levy D. The Impact of Obesity on Left Ventricular Mass and Geometry: The Framingham Heart Study. Journal of American Medicine Association, 1991, vol. 266, pp. 231–236. DOI: 10.1001/jama.1991.03470020057032
27. Abiri B., Koohi F., Ebadinejad A. et al. Transition from Metabolically Healthy to Unhealthy Overweight/obesity and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Incidence: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease, 2022, vol. 32, pp. 2041–2051. DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2022.06.010
2. Комплексная оценка риска развития сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний у подростков, проживающих на территории Ставропольского края, с учетом морфологических, гемодинамических показателей и уровня липидного обмена / Л.Д. Цатурян, В.А. Васильева, Р.Х. Абдулаева и др. // Междунар. науч.-исследоват. журнал. – 2022. – Т. 119. – С. 178–181. DOI: 10.23670/IRJ.2022. 119.5.033
3. Комплексный подход к организации медицинской помощи детям школьного возраста с избыточной массой тела / Е.В. Ануфриева, О.П. Ковтун, А.В. Кияев и др. // Социальные аспекты здоровья населения. – 2022. – Т. 68, № 2. – С. 6–12. DOI: 10.21045-2071-5021-2021-68-2-6
4. Маматхужаева, Г. Современное состояние изучения эпидемиологии и диагностки ожирения у детей и подростков (обзор литературы) / Г. Маматхужаева // Междунар. журнал науч. педиатрии. – 2022. – T. 3. – C. 23–34. DOI: 10.65121/2181-2926-2022-2-23-34
5. Недюк, М. Масса проблем: каждый пятый ребенок в РФ страдает от лишнего веса / М. Недюк, П. Окороков // Известия – Наука. – 2021. – https://iz.ru/1221424/mariia-nediuk/massa-problem-kazhdyi-piatyi-rebenok-v-rf-stradaet-ot-lishnego-vesa
6. Петеркова, В.А. Адипонектин сыворотки крови при ожирении у детей и подростков / В.А. Петеркова, А.В. Косыгина, О.В. Васюкова // Проблемы эндокринологии. – 2011. – Т. 6. – С. 9–14.
7. Чумакова, Г.А. Методы оценки висцерального ожирения в клинической практике / Г.А. Чумакова, Н.Г. Веселовская // Рос. кардиол. журнал. – 2016. – Т. 4. – С. 89–96. DOI: 10.15829/ 1560-4071-2016-4-89-96
8. Широкова, И.В. Диагностика атеросклеротических изменений аорты и нарушения липидного обмена у детей с различной степенью конституционально-экзогенного ожирения / И.В. Широкова, У.Н. Клочкова, О.С. Логачева // Мед. вестник Северного Кавказа. – 2010. – № 3. – С. 77–78.
9. Association between the screen time and the cardiorespiratory fitness with the presence of metabolic risk in schoolchildren / J.F. de C. Silveira, C.D. Barbian, L.T. Burgos et al. // Revista Paulista de Pediatria. – 2020. – Vol. 38. – e2019134. DOI: 10.1590/1984-0462/2020/38/2019134
10. Association of screen time and cardiometabolic risk in school-aged children / L.M. Vanderloo, C.D.G. Keown-Stoneman, H. Sivanesan et al. // Preventive Medicine Reports. – 2020. – Vol. 20. – e101183. DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2020.101183
11. Bouchard, C. Handbook of Obesity / C. Bouchard, G.A. Bray // Marcel Dekker. – Inc., 2004. – 1231 р.
12. Early Cardiac Abnormalities in Obese Children: Importance of Obesity Per Se Versus Associated Cardiovascular Risk Factors. / N. Van Putte-Katier, R.P. Rooman, L. Haas et al. // Pediatric Research. – 2008. – Vol. 64. – Р. 205–209. DOI: 10.1203/PDR.0b013e318176182b
13. Effect of different obesity phenotypes on cardiovascular events in Tehran lipid and glucose study (TLGS) / F. Hosseinpanah, M. Barzin, F. Sheikholeslami, F. Azizi // American Journal of Cardiology. – 2011. – Vol. 107. – Р. 412–416. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2010.09.034
14. Effect of obesity on echocardiographic parameters in children / Y. Kono, M. Yoshinaga, S. Oku et al. // International Journal of Cardiology. – 1994. – Vol. 46. – Р. 7–13. DOI: 10.1016/0167-5273(94)90111-2.
15. Ghanem, S. Early echocardiography abnormalities in obese children and adolescent and reversibility of these abnormalities after significant weight reduction / S. Ghanem, M. Mostafa, S. Ayad // Journal of Saudi Heart Association. – 2010. – Vol. 22. – Р. 13–18. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsha.2010.03.003
16. Global Changes in Child and Adolescent Physical Activity during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis / R.D. Neville, K.D. Lakes, W.G. Hopkins et al. // Journal of the American Medical Association: Pediatrics. – 2022. – Vol. 176. – Р. 886–894. DOI: 10.1001/ jamapediatrics.2022.2313
17. Impact of obesity on metabolism in men and women. Importance of regional adipose tissue distribution / M. Krotkiewski, P. Bjorntorp, L. Sjostrom, U. Smith // Journal of Clinical Investigations. – 1983. – Vol. 72. – Р. 1150–1162. DOI: 10.1172/JCI111040
18. Impact of Sex and Obesity on Echocardiographic Parameters in Children and Adolescents / J. von der Born, S. Baberowski, N. Memaran et al. // Pediatric Cardiology. – 2022. – Vol. 43. – Р. 1502–1516. DOI: 10.1007/s00246-022-02876-2
19. Janssen, I. Adherence to the 24-hour movement guidelines among 10- to 17-year-old Canadians / I. Janssen, K.C. Roberts, W. Thompson // Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada. – 2017. – Vol. 37. – Р. 369–375. DOI: 10.24095/hpcdp.37.11.01
20. Malyavskaya, S.I. The Relevance of Metabolic Phenotypes of Obesity in Childhood and Adolescence / S.I. Malyavskaya, A.V. Lebedev // Almimentary Clinical Medicine. – 2016. – Vol. 42. – Р. 38–45. DOI: 10.18786/2072-0505-2015-42-38-45
21. Müller, M.J. Defining obesity as a disease / M.J. Müller, C. Geisler // European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. – 2017. – Vol. 71. – Р. 1256–1258. DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2017.155
22. Romantsova, T.I.Adipose tissue: Colors, depots and functions / T.I. Romantsova // Obesity and Metabolism. – 2021. – Vol. 18. – Р. 282–301. DOI: 10.14341/omet12748
23. Subdivisions of subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue and insulin resistance / D.E. Kelley, F.L. Thaete, F. Troost et al. // American Journal of Physiology – Endocrinology and Metabolism. – 2000. – Vol. 278. – Р. 941–948. DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.2000.278.5. E941
24. Systematic review of digital screen time and metabolic syndrome in adolescents. COVID-19 and screen-based sedentary behaviour / S.Musa, R. Elyamani, I. Dergaa // PLoS ONE – 2002. – Vol. 17. – e0265560. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265560
25. Tchernof, A. Pathophysiology of human visceral obesity: An update / A. Tchernof, J.P. Després // Physiology Review. – 2013. – Vol. 93. – Р. 359–404. DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00033.2011
26. The Impact of Obesity on Left Ventricular Mass and Geometry: The Framingham Heart Study / M.S. Lauer, K.M. Anderson, W.B. Kannel, D. Levy // Journal of American Medicine Association. – 1991. – Vol. 266. – Р. 231–236. DOI: 10.1001/jama.1991.03470020057032
27. Transition from metabolically healthy to unhealthy overweight/obesity and risk of cardio-vascular disease incidence: A systematic review and meta-analysis / B. Abiri, F. Koohi, A. Ebadinejad et al. // Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease. – 2022. – Vol. 32. – Р. 2041–2051. DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2022.06.010
References on translit
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Published
2024-05-23
How to Cite
Iablonskaia, A., Iablonskii, P., & Haverich, A. (2024). OBESITY AND OVERWEIGHT IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS: PROBLEMS AND POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS. Human. Sport. Medicine, 24(1), 15-24. https://doi.org/10.14529/hsm240102
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Physiology
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