ENVIRONMENTAL TRITIUM IN THE URAL REGION: CURRENT SITUATION AND RADIATION PROTECTION ANALYSIS OF RESEARCH PERSPECTIVES
Keywords:
tritium, intervention level, radiation protection, organically bound tritium, nuclear fuel cycle.
Abstract
Aim. To study current situation and prospective analysis of environmental tritium in the Ural region considering radiation protection. Results. Examination of water bodies, air, and population shows that for most environmental objects in the Ural region tritium volumetric activity does not exceed intervention level. However, there are natural objects with tritium volumetric activity much higher than background levels. Conclusion. The prospective analysis of tritium distribution in environmental objects has shown that, considering radiation protection, the most effective studies should be performed in accordance with R.709 document by the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation “Biological effects of selected internal emitters”.References
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25. Fairlie I. The Hazards of Tritium – Revisited. Medicine, Conflict and Survival, 2008, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 306–319. DOI: 10.1080/13623690802374239
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29. http://www.belnpp.rosenergoatom.ru/about/aboutStation/.
30. Belot Y., Ganthier K., Camus H. Prediction of the Flux of Tritiated Water From the Air to Plant Leaves. Health Physics, 1979, vol. 37, no. 4, p. 575.
31. Review of Risks From Tritium.Report of the Independent Advisory Group on Ionising Radiation. Documents of the Health Protection Agency Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards November 2007. Available at: http://www.rachel.org/lib/tritium_risks.070601.pdf.
32. Robin L., Hilland J., Johnson R. Metabolism and Dosimetry of Tritium. Health Physics, 1993, no. 65 (6), pp. 628–647.
33. Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomik Radiation. UNSCEAR 1993 Report. UN, 1993. p. 199.
34. Taeschner M., Wiener B., Bunnenberg C. HT Dispersion and Deposition in Soil After Experimental Releases of Tritiated Hydrogen. Fusion Technol., 1988, no. 14, pp. 1264–1273.
35. Takeda H., Kasida Y. Biological Behavior of Tritium After Administration of Tritiated Water in the Rat. J. Radiat. Res., 1979, no. 20, pp. 174 185. DOI: 10.1269/jrr.20.174
36. Belot Y., Camus H., Marini T., Raviart S. Volatile Tritiated Organic Acids in Stack Effluents and in Air Surrounding Contaminated Materials. J. of Fusion Energy, 1993, vol. 12, pp. 71–75. DOI: 10.1007/BF01059358
2. Kuznetsov V.M., Khokhlova M.S., Kolotukhin S.P. [The Results of the First Phase of an Integrated Radiological Survey of the Floodplain of the Techa River (Chelyabinsk Region)]. Prostranstvo i Vremya [Space and Time], 2013, no. 3(13), pp. 182–189. (in Russ.)
3. GN 2.6.1.054-96. Normy radiatsionnoy bezopasnosti (NRB-96): Gigienicheskie normativy. Goskomsanepidnadzor Rossii [Radiation Safety Standards (NRB-96). Hygienic standards. Russian State Committee]. Moscow, 1996.
4. SP 2.6.1.758-99. Normy radiatsionnoy bezopasnosti (NRB-99) SP 2.6.1.758-99 Minzdrav Rossii [Radiation Safety Standards (NRB-99) Russian Ministry of Health]. Available at: http://www.gosthelp.ru/text/NRB99Normyradiacionnojbez.html.
5. NRB-76/87. OSP–72/87. Normy radiatsionnoy bezopasnosti. Osnovnye sanitarnye pravila [Radiation Safety Standards. The Basic Sanitary Rules]. Moscow, Energoatomisdat Publ., 1987.
6. Otchet po ekologicheskoy bezopasnosti FGUP “PO “Mayak” za 2014 god / Gosudarstvennaya korporatsiya po atomnoy energii “Rosatom”, Federal'noe gosudarstvennoe unitarnoe predpriyatie “Proizvodstvennoe ob'edinenie “Mayak” [Report on the Environmental Security of the FSUE “PA “Mayak” in 2014 / The State Atomic Energy Corporation Rosatom, Federal State Unitary Enterprise Production Association Mayak]. Ozersk; Chelyabinsk, Avtograf Publ., 2015. 56 p.
7. Vakulovskiy S.M. (Ed.) Radiatsionnaya obstanovka na territorii Rossii i sopredel'nykh gosudarstv V 2007 godu [The Radiation Situation in the Territory of Russia and Neighboring Countries in 2007]. Obninsk, SPA Typhoon Publ., 2008. 287 p.
8. Vakulovskiy S.M. (Ed.) Radiatsionnaya obstanovka na territorii Rossii i sopredel'nykh gosudarstv V 2006 godu [The Radiation Situation in the Territory of Russia and Neighboring Countries in 2006]. Obninsk, SPA Typhoon Publ., 2007. 280 p.
9. Vakulovskiy S.M. (Ed.) Radiatsionnaya obstanovka na territorii Rossii i sopredel'nykh gosudarstv V 2014 godu [The Radiation Situation in the Territory of Russia and Neighboring Countries in 2014]. Obninsk, SPA Typhoon Publ., 2015. 350 p.
10. Vakulovskiy S.M. (Ed.) Radiatsionnaya obstanovka na territorii Rossii i sopredel'nykh gosudarstv V 2008 godu [The Radiation Situation in the Territory of Russia and Neighboring Countries in 2008]. Obninsk, SPA Typhoon Publ., 2009. 297 p.
11. Vakulovskiy S.M. (Ed.) Radiatsionnaya obstanovka na territorii Rossii i sopredel'nykh gosudarstv V 2009 godu [The Radiation Situation in the Territory of Russia and Neighboring Countries in 2009]. Obninsk, SPA Typhoon Publ., 2010. 316 p.
12. Vakulovskiy S.M. (Ed.) Radiatsionnaya obstanovka na territorii Rossii i sopredel'nykh gosudarstv V 2010 godu [The Radiation Situation in the Territory of Russia and Neighboring Countries in 2010]. Obninsk, SPA Typhoon Publ., 2011. 298 p.
13. Vakulovskiy S.M. (Ed.) Radiatsionnaya obstanovka na territorii Rossii i sopredel'nykh gosudarstv V 2011 godu [The Radiation Situation in the Territory of Russia and Neighboring Countries in 2011]. Obninsk, SPA Typhoon Publ., 2012. 345 p.
14. Vakulovskiy S.M. (Ed.) Radiatsionnaya obstanovka na territorii Rossii i sopredel'nykh gosudarstv V 2012 godu [The Radiation Situation in the Territory of Russia and Neighboring Countries in 2012]. Obninsk, SPA Typhoon Publ., 2013. 346 p.
15. Vakulovskiy S.M. (Ed.) Radiatsionnaya obstanovka na territorii Rossii i sopredel'nykh gosudarstv V 2013 godu [The Radiation Situation in the Territory of Russia and Neighboring Countries in 2013]. Obninsk, SPA Typhoon Publ., 2014. 358 p.
16. Sazonov A.B. [Radiation-Induced Gas Phase Tritium Reaction Kinetics and Mechanisms of Reactions]. VANT. Ser. Termoyadernyy sintez [PAST. Ser. Thermonuclear Fusion], 2013, vol. 36, iss. 2, pp. 25–50. (in Russ.)
17. SanPiN 2.6.1.2523-09. Normy radiatsionnoy bezopasnosti (NRB–99/2009): Sanitarnoepidemiologicheskie pravila i normativy [Radiation Safety Standards (NRB-99/2009). Sanitary-Epidemiological Rules and Norms]. Moscow, Federal Center of Hygiene and Epidemiology Publ., 2009. 100 p.
18. Makhon'ko K.P., Kim V.M., Katrich I.Ju., Volokitin A.A. [Comparative Behavior of Tritium and 137Cs in the Atmosphere]. Atomnaya energiya [Nuclear Power], 1998, vol. 85, iss. 4, pp. 313–318. (in Russ.)
19. Chebotina M.Ya., Nikolin O.A., Smagin A.I., Murashova E.K., Rybakov E.N. [Tritium in Water Wells and Boreholes District Production Association Mayak]. Ural'skiy geofizicheskiy vestnik [Ural Geophysical Bulletin], 2007, no. 4 (13), pp. 95–97. (in Russ.)
20. Chebotina M.Ya., Murashova E.K., Smagin A.I. [Receipt of Tritium on Earth's Surface from Rainfall in the Region by Mayak]. Ural'skiy geofizicheskiy vestnik [Ural Geophysical Bulletin], 2010, no. 1 (16), pp. 69–73. (in Russ.)
21. Chebotina M.Ya., Nikolin O.A. Radioekologicheskie issledovaniya tritiya v Ural'skom regione [Radiological Studies of Tritium in the Urals]. Ekaterinburg, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences Publ., 2005. 90 p.
22. Chebotina M.Ya., Nikolin O.A. [Tritium in the Water System Techa]. Radiatsionnaya biologiya. Radioekologiya [Radiation Biology. Radioecology], 2016, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 102–106. (in Russ.)
23. Kazachenok N.N., Popova I. Ya., Mel'nikov V.S., Polyanchikova G.V., Tikhova Yu.P., Konovalov K.G., Kopelov A.I. [3H, 90Sr, 137Cs, 239,240Pu System Techa]. Voda: khimiya i ekologiya [Water. Chemistry and Ecology], 2013, no. 11, pp. 10–15. (in Russ.)
24. Belot Y., Camus H., Marini T. Determination of Tritiated Formaldehyde in Effluents From Tritium Facilities. Fusion Technology, 1992, vol. 21. pp. 556–559.
25. Fairlie I. The Hazards of Tritium – Revisited. Medicine, Conflict and Survival, 2008, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 306–319. DOI: 10.1080/13623690802374239
26. Fairlie I. Tritium Hazard Report: Pollution and Radiation Risk From Canadian Nuclear Facilities. Greenpeace Canada June 2007. Available at: http://www.greenpeace.org/canada/global/canada/report/2007/6/tritium-hazard-report-pollu.pdf.
27. Garland J.A. Transfer of Tritiated Water Vapour to and From Land Surfaces in: Behaviour of Tritium in the Environment. STI/PUB/498. IAEA. Vienna, 1979. pp. 349–359.
28. Health Effects, Dosimetry and Radiological Protection of Tritium. Part of the Tritium Studies Project. Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission. Available at: http://www.nuclearsafety.gc.ca/pubs_catalogue/uploads/CNSC_Health_Effects_Eng-web.pdf.
29. http://www.belnpp.rosenergoatom.ru/about/aboutStation/.
30. Belot Y., Ganthier K., Camus H. Prediction of the Flux of Tritiated Water From the Air to Plant Leaves. Health Physics, 1979, vol. 37, no. 4, p. 575.
31. Review of Risks From Tritium.Report of the Independent Advisory Group on Ionising Radiation. Documents of the Health Protection Agency Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards November 2007. Available at: http://www.rachel.org/lib/tritium_risks.070601.pdf.
32. Robin L., Hilland J., Johnson R. Metabolism and Dosimetry of Tritium. Health Physics, 1993, no. 65 (6), pp. 628–647.
33. Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomik Radiation. UNSCEAR 1993 Report. UN, 1993. p. 199.
34. Taeschner M., Wiener B., Bunnenberg C. HT Dispersion and Deposition in Soil After Experimental Releases of Tritiated Hydrogen. Fusion Technol., 1988, no. 14, pp. 1264–1273.
35. Takeda H., Kasida Y. Biological Behavior of Tritium After Administration of Tritiated Water in the Rat. J. Radiat. Res., 1979, no. 20, pp. 174 185. DOI: 10.1269/jrr.20.174
36. Belot Y., Camus H., Marini T., Raviart S. Volatile Tritiated Organic Acids in Stack Effluents and in Air Surrounding Contaminated Materials. J. of Fusion Energy, 1993, vol. 12, pp. 71–75. DOI: 10.1007/BF01059358
References on translit
Published
2016-06-01
How to Cite
Yanov, A., Vostrotin, V., & Finashov, L. (2016). ENVIRONMENTAL TRITIUM IN THE URAL REGION: CURRENT SITUATION AND RADIATION PROTECTION ANALYSIS OF RESEARCH PERSPECTIVES. Human. Sport. Medicine, 16(2), 85-99. https://doi.org/10.14529/hsm160209
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Radiological protection
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