FUNCTIONAL FITNESS OF ELITE ATHLETES IN TEAM SPORTS
Keywords:
Professional sports, functional state of athletes, loaded test, maximum oxygen consumption, team sports.
Abstract
Aim – to assess functional fitness of professional athletes engaged in team sports. Materials and Methods. The research involved 19 professional basketball players (age – 24.9 ± 5.3, body length – 198.36 ± 7.9 cm, body weight – 94.34 ± 13.3 kg) and 14 futsal players (age – 25.8 ± 4.6, body length – 181 ± 6 cm, body weight – 79.4 ± 7.1 kg). The functional state was assessed with the help of cycle ergometer test with a maximal protocol (“to exhaustion”) under constantly increasing load (RAMP). We analyzed main parameters of the functional state of the cardiorespiratory and muscular systems at rest and in the course of the whole test, and maximum values reached in the final part of the test and during the first three minutes of recovery. Results. It was established that heart rate (HR) levels immediately before the test were within the normal range for athletes (65.7 ± 9.2 beats per minute – in the basketball players and 69.79 ± 11.47 bpm in the futsal players). However, exhaustion HR levels in both groups were below normal values for athletes (171.43 ± 10.36 bpm – in the futsal players and 167 ± 13.8 bpm in the basketball players). The revealed significant differences in maximum breathing capacity between the basketball players (145.59 ± 35.63 L/min) and futsal players (129.31 ± 32.39 L/min) were associated with anthropometrical features rather than with the level of the functional fitness. Significantly higher levels of relative maximum power during the loaded test for the futsal players (4.59 ± 0.36 W/kg) as compared to the basketball players were considerably lower than normal values for athletes (5 W/kg). Conclusion. Control of the functional state and its changes in team sports should be an inherent part of organization of the training process in order to sustain stability and competitive effectiveness throughout the whole sport season.References
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5. Cunha G., Lorenzi T., Sapata K., Lopes A.L., Gaya A.C., Oliveira A. Effect of Biological Maturation on Maximal Oxygen Uptake and Ventilatory Thresholds in Soccer Players. An Allometric Approach. Journal of Sports Sciences, 2011, vol. 29, pp. 1029–1039. DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2011.570775
6. Djaoui L., Haddad M., Chamari K., Dellal A. Monitoring Training Load and Fatigue in Soccer Players with Physiological Markers. Physiol Behav, 2017, vol. 181, pp. 86–94. DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.09.004
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17. Tenenbaum G., Jones C.M., Kitsantas A. et al. Failure Adaptation. An Investigation of the Stress Response Process in Sport. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 2003, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 27–62.
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20. Ziv G., Libor R. Physical Attributes, Physiological Characteristics, On-Court Performances and Nutritional Strategies of Female and Male Basketball Players. Sports Medicine, 2009, vol. 39, pp. 547–568. DOI: 10.2165/00007256-200939070-00003
2. Ben Abdelkrim, N., El Fazaa, S., El. Ati, J. Time-Motion Analysis and Physiological data of Elite Under-19-Year-Old Basketball Players During Competition. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 2007, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 69–75. DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.2006.032318
3. Cormery B., Marcil M., Bouvard M. Rule Change Incidence on Physiologic Characteristics of Elite Basketball Players. A 10-Year-Period Investigation. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 2008, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 25–30.DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.2006.033316
4. Coquart J.B., Garcin M., Parfitt G., Tourny-Chollet C., Eston R.G. Prediction of Maximal or Peak Oxygen Uptake from Ratings of Perceived Exertion. Sports Med, 2014, vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 563–578. DOI: 10.1007/s40279-013-0139-5
5. Cunha G., Lorenzi T., Sapata K., Lopes A.L., Gaya A.C., Oliveira A. Effect of Biological Maturation on Maximal Oxygen Uptake and Ventilatory Thresholds in Soccer Players. An Allometric Approach. Journal of Sports Sciences, 2011, vol. 29, pp. 1029–1039. DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2011.570775
6. Djaoui L., Haddad M., Chamari K., Dellal A. Monitoring Training Load and Fatigue in Soccer Players with Physiological Markers. Physiol Behav, 2017, vol. 181, pp. 86–94. DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.09.004
7. Foster C., Florhaug J.A., Franklin J., Gottschall L., Hrovatin L.A., Parker S., Doleshal P., Dodge C. A New Approach to Monitoring Exercise Testing. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 2001, vol. 15, pp. 109–115.
8. Gosentas A., Landor A., Andziulis A. Dependence of Intensity of Specific Basketball Exercise from Aerobic Capacity. Pap Anthropol, 2004, vol. 13, pp. 9–17.
9. Halson S.L., Jeukendrup A.E. Does Overtraining Exist? An Analysis of Overreaching and Overtraining Research. Sports Med, 2004, vol. 34, no. 14, pp. 967–981. DOI: 10.2165/00007256-200434140-00003
10. Hoffman J.R. Physiology of Basketball. McKeag D.B. (ed.) Basketball. Oxford, Blackwell Science, 2003, pp. 12–24.
11. Ostojic S., Mazic S., Dikic N. Profiling in Basketball. Physical and Physiological Characteristics of Elite Players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2006, vol. 20, pp. 336–340. DOI: 10.1519/R-15944.1
12. Park I.S., Lee K.J., Han J.W. et al. Basketball Training Increases Striatum Volume. Human Movement Science, 2011, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 56–62. DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2010.09.001
13. Saw A.E., Main L.C., Gastin P.B. Monitoring the Athlete Training Response. Subjective Self-Reported Measures Trump Commonly Used Objective Measures. A Systematic Review. Br J Sports Med, 2016, vol. 50, no. 5, pp. 281–91. DOI: 10.1136/bjsports–2015–094758
14. Scherr J., Wolfarth B., Christle J.W., Pressler A., Wagenpfeil S., Halle M. Associations Between Borg's Rating of Perceived Exertion and Physiological Measures of Exercise Intensity. Eur J Appl Physiol, 2013, vol. 113, no. 1, pp. 147–155. DOI: 10.1007/s00421-012-2421-x
15. Smith D.J. A Framework for Understanding the Training Process Leading to Elite Performance. Sports Med, 2003, vol. 33, no. 15, pp. 1103–1126. DOI: 10.2165/00007256-200333150-00003
16. Tavino L.P., Bowers S.J., Archer C.B. Effects of Basketball on Aerobic Capacity, and Body Composition of MaleCollege Players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 1995, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 75–77.
17. Tenenbaum G., Jones C.M., Kitsantas A. et al. Failure Adaptation. An Investigation of the Stress Response Process in Sport. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 2003, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 27–62.
18. Thomas J.R., Netson J.K. Research Methods in Physical Activity. 5th ed. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetiks, 2005. 456 p.
19. Vilikus Z. Functional Diagnostics. College of Physical Education and Sport, Palestra, 2012, pp. 12–15.
20. Ziv G., Libor R. Physical Attributes, Physiological Characteristics, On-Court Performances and Nutritional Strategies of Female and Male Basketball Players. Sports Medicine, 2009, vol. 39, pp. 547–568. DOI: 10.2165/00007256-200939070-00003
2. Ben Abdelkrim, N., El Fazaa, S., El. Ati, J. Time-Motion Analysis and Physiological data of Elite Under-19-Year-Old Basketball Players During Competition. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 2007, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 69–75. DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.2006.032318
3. Cormery B., Marcil M., Bouvard M. Rule Change Incidence on Physiologic Characteristics of Elite Basketball Players. A 10-Year-Period Investigation. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 2008, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 25–30.DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.2006.033316
4. Coquart J.B., Garcin M., Parfitt G., Tourny-Chollet C., Eston R.G. Prediction of Maximal or Peak Oxygen Uptake from Ratings of Perceived Exertion. Sports Med, 2014, vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 563–578. DOI: 10.1007/s40279-013-0139-5
5. Cunha G., Lorenzi T., Sapata K., Lopes A.L., Gaya A.C., Oliveira A. Effect of Biological Maturation on Maximal Oxygen Uptake and Ventilatory Thresholds in Soccer Players. An Allometric Approach. Journal of Sports Sciences, 2011, vol. 29, pp. 1029–1039. DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2011.570775
6. Djaoui L., Haddad M., Chamari K., Dellal A. Monitoring Training Load and Fatigue in Soccer Players with Physiological Markers. Physiol Behav, 2017, vol. 181, pp. 86–94. DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.09.004
7. Foster C., Florhaug J.A., Franklin J., Gottschall L., Hrovatin L.A., Parker S., Doleshal P., Dodge C. A New Approach to Monitoring Exercise Testing. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 2001, vol. 15, pp. 109–115.
8. Gosentas A., Landor A., Andziulis A. Dependence of Intensity of Specific Basketball Exercise from Aerobic Capacity. Pap Anthropol, 2004, vol. 13, pp. 9–17.
9. Halson S.L., Jeukendrup A.E. Does Overtraining Exist? An Analysis of Overreaching and Overtraining Research. Sports Med, 2004, vol. 34, no. 14, pp. 967–981. DOI: 10.2165/00007256-200434140-00003
10. Hoffman J.R. Physiology of Basketball. McKeag D.B. (ed.) Basketball. Oxford, Blackwell Science, 2003, pp. 12–24.
11. Ostojic S., Mazic S., Dikic N. Profiling in Basketball. Physical and Physiological Characteristics of Elite Players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2006, vol. 20, pp. 336–340. DOI: 10.1519/R-15944.1
12. Park I.S., Lee K.J., Han J.W. et al. Basketball Training Increases Striatum Volume. Human Movement Science, 2011, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 56–62. DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2010.09.001
13. Saw A.E., Main L.C., Gastin P.B. Monitoring the Athlete Training Response. Subjective Self-Reported Measures Trump Commonly Used Objective Measures. A Systematic Review. Br J Sports Med, 2016, vol. 50, no. 5, pp. 281–91. DOI: 10.1136/bjsports–2015–094758
14. Scherr J., Wolfarth B., Christle J.W., Pressler A., Wagenpfeil S., Halle M. Associations Between Borg's Rating of Perceived Exertion and Physiological Measures of Exercise Intensity. Eur J Appl Physiol, 2013, vol. 113, no. 1, pp. 147–155. DOI: 10.1007/s00421-012-2421-x
15. Smith D.J. A Framework for Understanding the Training Process Leading to Elite Performance. Sports Med, 2003, vol. 33, no. 15, pp. 1103–1126. DOI: 10.2165/00007256-200333150-00003
16. Tavino L.P., Bowers S.J., Archer C.B. Effects of Basketball on Aerobic Capacity, and Body Composition of MaleCollege Players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 1995, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 75–77.
17. Tenenbaum G., Jones C.M., Kitsantas A. et al. Failure Adaptation. An Investigation of the Stress Response Process in Sport. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 2003, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 27–62.
18. Thomas J.R., Netson J.K. Research Methods in Physical Activity. 5th ed. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetiks, 2005. 456 p.
19. Vilikus Z. Functional Diagnostics. College of Physical Education and Sport, Palestra, 2012, pp. 12–15.
20. Ziv G., Libor R. Physical Attributes, Physiological Characteristics, On-Court Performances and Nutritional Strategies of Female and Male Basketball Players. Sports Medicine, 2009, vol. 39, pp. 547–568. DOI: 10.2165/00007256-200939070-00003
References on translit
1. ACC / AHA 2002 Guideline Update for Exercise Testing. Summary Article. A Report of the American College of Cardiology. American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Journal of American College of Cardiology, 2006, vol. 48, 1731 p.2. Ben Abdelkrim, N., El Fazaa, S., El. Ati, J. Time-Motion Analysis and Physiological data of Elite Under-19-Year-Old Basketball Players During Competition. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 2007, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 69–75. DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.2006.032318
3. Cormery B., Marcil M., Bouvard M. Rule Change Incidence on Physiologic Characteristics of Elite Basketball Players. A 10-Year-Period Investigation. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 2008, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 25–30.DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.2006.033316
4. Coquart J.B., Garcin M., Parfitt G., Tourny-Chollet C., Eston R.G. Prediction of Maximal or Peak Oxygen Uptake from Ratings of Perceived Exertion. Sports Med, 2014, vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 563–578. DOI: 10.1007/s40279-013-0139-5
5. Cunha G., Lorenzi T., Sapata K., Lopes A.L., Gaya A.C., Oliveira A. Effect of Biological Maturation on Maximal Oxygen Uptake and Ventilatory Thresholds in Soccer Players. An Allometric Approach. Journal of Sports Sciences, 2011, vol. 29, pp. 1029–1039. DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2011.570775
6. Djaoui L., Haddad M., Chamari K., Dellal A. Monitoring Training Load and Fatigue in Soccer Players with Physiological Markers. Physiol Behav, 2017, vol. 181, pp. 86–94. DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.09.004
7. Foster C., Florhaug J.A., Franklin J., Gottschall L., Hrovatin L.A., Parker S., Doleshal P., Dodge C. A New Approach to Monitoring Exercise Testing. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 2001, vol. 15, pp. 109–115.
8. Gosentas A., Landor A., Andziulis A. Dependence of Intensity of Specific Basketball Exercise from Aerobic Capacity. Pap Anthropol, 2004, vol. 13, pp. 9–17.
9. Halson S.L., Jeukendrup A.E. Does Overtraining Exist? An Analysis of Overreaching and Overtraining Research. Sports Med, 2004, vol. 34, no. 14, pp. 967–981. DOI: 10.2165/00007256-200434140-00003
10. Hoffman J.R. Physiology of Basketball. McKeag D.B. (ed.) Basketball. Oxford, Blackwell Science, 2003, pp. 12–24.
11. Ostojic S., Mazic S., Dikic N. Profiling in Basketball. Physical and Physiological Characteristics of Elite Players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2006, vol. 20, pp. 336–340. DOI: 10.1519/R-15944.1
12. Park I.S., Lee K.J., Han J.W. et al. Basketball Training Increases Striatum Volume. Human Movement Science, 2011, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 56–62. DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2010.09.001
13. Saw A.E., Main L.C., Gastin P.B. Monitoring the Athlete Training Response. Subjective Self-Reported Measures Trump Commonly Used Objective Measures. A Systematic Review. Br J Sports Med, 2016, vol. 50, no. 5, pp. 281–91. DOI: 10.1136/bjsports–2015–094758
14. Scherr J., Wolfarth B., Christle J.W., Pressler A., Wagenpfeil S., Halle M. Associations Between Borg's Rating of Perceived Exertion and Physiological Measures of Exercise Intensity. Eur J Appl Physiol, 2013, vol. 113, no. 1, pp. 147–155. DOI: 10.1007/s00421-012-2421-x
15. Smith D.J. A Framework for Understanding the Training Process Leading to Elite Performance. Sports Med, 2003, vol. 33, no. 15, pp. 1103–1126. DOI: 10.2165/00007256-200333150-00003
16. Tavino L.P., Bowers S.J., Archer C.B. Effects of Basketball on Aerobic Capacity, and Body Composition of MaleCollege Players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 1995, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 75–77.
17. Tenenbaum G., Jones C.M., Kitsantas A. et al. Failure Adaptation. An Investigation of the Stress Response Process in Sport. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 2003, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 27–62.
18. Thomas J.R., Netson J.K. Research Methods in Physical Activity. 5th ed. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetiks, 2005. 456 p.
19. Vilikus Z. Functional Diagnostics. College of Physical Education and Sport, Palestra, 2012, pp. 12–15.
20. Ziv G., Libor R. Physical Attributes, Physiological Characteristics, On-Court Performances and Nutritional Strategies of Female and Male Basketball Players. Sports Medicine, 2009, vol. 39, pp. 547–568. DOI: 10.2165/00007256-200939070-00003
Published
2017-12-01
How to Cite
Mekhdieva, K., & Zakharova, A. (2017). FUNCTIONAL FITNESS OF ELITE ATHLETES IN TEAM SPORTS. Human. Sport. Medicine, 17(4), 5-13. https://doi.org/10.14529/hsm170401
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Physiology
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