ADAPTATION OF PROFESSIONAL ATHLETES TO VARIOUS PHYSICAL LOADS BY MEANS OF BODY COMPOSITION CHANGES
Keywords:
Wrestling, kickboxing, taekwondo, body composition, athlete’s model
Abstract
Aim. The aim of this article is to establish the model values of body composition for professional combat athletes. Materials and methods. In the morning we measured body composition using Tanita BC-418 body analyzer. The study involved 3 groups of professional male athletes (Candidates for Master of Sport, Masters of Sport; body weight 60–75 kg) from various combat sports: kickboxing (n = 23), sambo and judo (n = 25), taekwondo (n = 22). Results. In judo and sambo athletes we revealed greater relative amount of adipose tissue (about 12%), while in kickboxers and taekwondo athletes its values were within 7–9%. Taekwondo athletes demonstrated the lowest values of adipose tissue in arms, while its values in legs were higher than in wrestlers. The lowest limbs muscle mass was registered in wrestlers, taekwondo athletes demonstrated higher muscle mass in legs, and both kickboxers and taekwondo athletes had higher muscle mass in arms. The difference between muscle mass in the trunk and muscle mass in legs was about 5 kg. Together with the data obtained using Box-Whiskers/Multiple graphic construction, where the median and 25–75 percentiles were almost identical, this proves that there are some model values for the body composition of professional athletes. Correlation analysis revealed that there was no correlation between muscle mass and adipose tissue in the limbs of wrestlers and kickboxers, while in taekwondo athletes we registered 3 correlations (р ? 0.05) mostly connected with arm muscles. Conclusion. We obtained body composition models for wrestlers, kickboxers and taekwondo athletes, which can allow us to individualize training process and forecast sport performance.References
1. Abramova T.F., Nikitina T.M., Kochetkova N.I. Morfologicheskiye kriterii – pokazateli prigodnosti, obshchey fizicheskoy podgotovlennosti i kontrolya tekushchey i dolgovremennoy adaptatsii k trenirovochnym nagruzkam: ucheb.-metod. posobiye [Morphological Criteria – Indicators of Fitness, General Physical Preparedness and Control of Current and Long-Term Adaptation to Training Loads]. Moscow, TVT Division Publ., 2010. 104 p.
2. Verkhoshanskiy Yu.V. Osnovy spetsial’noy fizicheskoy podgotovki sportsmenov: monogr. [Fundamentals of Special Physical Training of Athletes]. Moscow, Physical Training and Sport Publ., 1988. 327 p.
3. Epishev V.V., Ryabina K.E., Isayev A.P., Erlikh V.V. [Postural Balance Among Athletes-Runners at Medium Distances]. Rossiyskiy zhurnal biomekhaniki [Russian Journal of Biomechanics], 2017, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 166–177. (in Russ.)
4. Isayev A.P., Erlikh V.V., Epishev V.V., Khusainova Yu.B. [Physiological, Biomechanical, Molecular-Cellular and Theoretical-Methodological Features of Designing Successful Sports Activities in Sports That Develop Endurance]. Teoriya i praktika fizicheskoy kul’tury [Theory and Practice of Physical Culture], 2015, no. 4, pp. 18–20. (in Russ.)
5. Abzalilov R.Y., Rybakov V.V., Isaev A.P., Erlikh V.V. Adaptation of Junior Orienteers to Loads, Developing Local-Regional and Special Muscular Endurance. Pedagogics, Psychology, Medical-Biological Problems of Physical Training and Sports, 2017, no. 21 (5), pp. 200–206. DOI: 10.15561/18189172.2017.0501
6. Mak-Somas A.Dzh. Skeletnyye myshtsy: monogr. [Skeletal Muscles. Monogr.]. Kiev, Olympic Literature Publ., 2001. 408 p.
7. Martirosov E.G., Nikolayev D.V., Rudnev S.G. Tekhnologii i metody opredeleniya sostava tela [Technologies and Methods for Determining Body Composition]. Moscow, Science Publ., 2006. 248 p.
8. Meyerson F.Z. Adaptatsionnaya meditsina: kontseptsiya dolgovremennoy adaptatsii: monografiya [Adaptive Medicine. The Concept of Long-Term Adaptation. Monograph]. Moscow, Case Publ., 1993. 138 p.
9. Pavlova V.I., Saraykin D.A., Terzi M.S., Kamskova Yu.G. [Influence of the Training Yearly Macrocycle on the Condition of the Peripheral Link of Erythron in Young Taekwondo]. Teoriya i praktika fizicheskoy kul’tury [Theory and Practice of Physical Culture], 2014, no. 8, pp. 49–52. (in Russ.)
10. Terzi M.S., Lekontsev E.V., Saraykin D.A., Pavlov V.I., Kamskova Yu.G. [Molecular-Genetic Determination of the Functional Efficiency of Martial Artists of Different Qualifications]. Teoriya i praktika fizicheskoy kul’tury [Theory and Practice of Physical Culture], 2016, no. 7, pp. 21–24. (in Russ.)
11. Claessens M., Claessens C., Claessens P. et al. Importance of Determining the Percentage Body Fat in Endurance-Trained Athletes. Indian Heart J, 2000, no. 52, pp. 307–314.
12. Garthe I., Raastad T., Sundgot-Borgen J. Effect of Weight Loss on Body Composition and Performance in Elite Athletes. Human Kinetics Journals, 2011, vol. 21 (5), pp. 426-435. DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.21.5.426
13. Kazemi M., Waalen J., Morgan Ch., White A.R. A Profile of Olympic Taekwondo Competitors. J Sports Sci Med, 2006, Jul; 5(CSSI), pp. 114–121.
14. Kenneth J.E., Stacey B.J., Chertow G.M. Bioelectrical Impedance Methods in Clinical Research: a Follow-Up to the NIH Technology Assessment Conference. Nutrition, 1999, no. 15, pp. 874–880.
15. Kotler D.P., Burastero S., Wang J., Pierson R.N. Prediction of Body Cell Mass, Fat-Free Mass, and Total Body Water with Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis: Effects of Race, Sex, and Disease. Am J Clin Nutr, 1996, no. 64, pp. 489–497. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/64.3.489S
16. Ozcakar L., Cetin A., Kunduracyo?lu B. et al. Comparative Body Fat Assessment in Elite Footballers. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 2003, no. 37, pp. 278–279. DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.37.3.278
17. Salci Yasar. The Metabolic Demands and Ability to Sustain Work Outputs During Kickboxing Competitions. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 2015, vol. 15 (1), pp. 39–52. DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868775
18. Salvatore C., Tessitore A., Cortis C. et al. Effects of Official Taekwondo Competitions on All-Out Performances of Elite Athletes. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 2011, vol. 25 (2), pp. 334–339. DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182027288
19. Shafer K.J., Siders W.A., Johnson L.K. et al. Validity of Segmental Multiple-Frequency Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis to Estimate Body Composition of Adults Across a Range of Body Mass Indexes. Nutrition, 2009, no. 25, pp. 25–32. DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2008.07.004
20. Sun G., French C.R., Glynn M.R. Comparison of Multifrequency Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis with Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry for Assessment of Percentage Body Fat in a Large, Healthy Population. Am J Clin Nutr, 2005, no. 81, pp. 4–8. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/81.1.74
21. Vardar S.A., Tezel S., Ozturk L. et al. The Relationship Between Body Composition and Anaerobic Performance of Elite Young Wrestlers. J Sports Sci Med, 2007, oct; 6(CSSI-2), pp. 34–38.
22. Yoon J. Physiological Profiles of Elite Senior Wrestlers. Sports Medicine, 2002, vol. 32 (4), pp. 225–233. DOI: 10.2165/00007256-200232040-00002
2. Verkhoshanskiy Yu.V. Osnovy spetsial’noy fizicheskoy podgotovki sportsmenov: monogr. [Fundamentals of Special Physical Training of Athletes]. Moscow, Physical Training and Sport Publ., 1988. 327 p.
3. Epishev V.V., Ryabina K.E., Isayev A.P., Erlikh V.V. [Postural Balance Among Athletes-Runners at Medium Distances]. Rossiyskiy zhurnal biomekhaniki [Russian Journal of Biomechanics], 2017, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 166–177. (in Russ.)
4. Isayev A.P., Erlikh V.V., Epishev V.V., Khusainova Yu.B. [Physiological, Biomechanical, Molecular-Cellular and Theoretical-Methodological Features of Designing Successful Sports Activities in Sports That Develop Endurance]. Teoriya i praktika fizicheskoy kul’tury [Theory and Practice of Physical Culture], 2015, no. 4, pp. 18–20. (in Russ.)
5. Abzalilov R.Y., Rybakov V.V., Isaev A.P., Erlikh V.V. Adaptation of Junior Orienteers to Loads, Developing Local-Regional and Special Muscular Endurance. Pedagogics, Psychology, Medical-Biological Problems of Physical Training and Sports, 2017, no. 21 (5), pp. 200–206. DOI: 10.15561/18189172.2017.0501
6. Mak-Somas A.Dzh. Skeletnyye myshtsy: monogr. [Skeletal Muscles. Monogr.]. Kiev, Olympic Literature Publ., 2001. 408 p.
7. Martirosov E.G., Nikolayev D.V., Rudnev S.G. Tekhnologii i metody opredeleniya sostava tela [Technologies and Methods for Determining Body Composition]. Moscow, Science Publ., 2006. 248 p.
8. Meyerson F.Z. Adaptatsionnaya meditsina: kontseptsiya dolgovremennoy adaptatsii: monografiya [Adaptive Medicine. The Concept of Long-Term Adaptation. Monograph]. Moscow, Case Publ., 1993. 138 p.
9. Pavlova V.I., Saraykin D.A., Terzi M.S., Kamskova Yu.G. [Influence of the Training Yearly Macrocycle on the Condition of the Peripheral Link of Erythron in Young Taekwondo]. Teoriya i praktika fizicheskoy kul’tury [Theory and Practice of Physical Culture], 2014, no. 8, pp. 49–52. (in Russ.)
10. Terzi M.S., Lekontsev E.V., Saraykin D.A., Pavlov V.I., Kamskova Yu.G. [Molecular-Genetic Determination of the Functional Efficiency of Martial Artists of Different Qualifications]. Teoriya i praktika fizicheskoy kul’tury [Theory and Practice of Physical Culture], 2016, no. 7, pp. 21–24. (in Russ.)
11. Claessens M., Claessens C., Claessens P. et al. Importance of Determining the Percentage Body Fat in Endurance-Trained Athletes. Indian Heart J, 2000, no. 52, pp. 307–314.
12. Garthe I., Raastad T., Sundgot-Borgen J. Effect of Weight Loss on Body Composition and Performance in Elite Athletes. Human Kinetics Journals, 2011, vol. 21 (5), pp. 426-435. DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.21.5.426
13. Kazemi M., Waalen J., Morgan Ch., White A.R. A Profile of Olympic Taekwondo Competitors. J Sports Sci Med, 2006, Jul; 5(CSSI), pp. 114–121.
14. Kenneth J.E., Stacey B.J., Chertow G.M. Bioelectrical Impedance Methods in Clinical Research: a Follow-Up to the NIH Technology Assessment Conference. Nutrition, 1999, no. 15, pp. 874–880.
15. Kotler D.P., Burastero S., Wang J., Pierson R.N. Prediction of Body Cell Mass, Fat-Free Mass, and Total Body Water with Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis: Effects of Race, Sex, and Disease. Am J Clin Nutr, 1996, no. 64, pp. 489–497. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/64.3.489S
16. Ozcakar L., Cetin A., Kunduracyo?lu B. et al. Comparative Body Fat Assessment in Elite Footballers. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 2003, no. 37, pp. 278–279. DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.37.3.278
17. Salci Yasar. The Metabolic Demands and Ability to Sustain Work Outputs During Kickboxing Competitions. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 2015, vol. 15 (1), pp. 39–52. DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868775
18. Salvatore C., Tessitore A., Cortis C. et al. Effects of Official Taekwondo Competitions on All-Out Performances of Elite Athletes. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 2011, vol. 25 (2), pp. 334–339. DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182027288
19. Shafer K.J., Siders W.A., Johnson L.K. et al. Validity of Segmental Multiple-Frequency Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis to Estimate Body Composition of Adults Across a Range of Body Mass Indexes. Nutrition, 2009, no. 25, pp. 25–32. DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2008.07.004
20. Sun G., French C.R., Glynn M.R. Comparison of Multifrequency Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis with Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry for Assessment of Percentage Body Fat in a Large, Healthy Population. Am J Clin Nutr, 2005, no. 81, pp. 4–8. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/81.1.74
21. Vardar S.A., Tezel S., Ozturk L. et al. The Relationship Between Body Composition and Anaerobic Performance of Elite Young Wrestlers. J Sports Sci Med, 2007, oct; 6(CSSI-2), pp. 34–38.
22. Yoon J. Physiological Profiles of Elite Senior Wrestlers. Sports Medicine, 2002, vol. 32 (4), pp. 225–233. DOI: 10.2165/00007256-200232040-00002
2. Verkhoshanskiy Yu.V. Osnovy spetsial’noy fizicheskoy podgotovki sportsmenov: monogr. [Fundamentals of Special Physical Training of Athletes]. Moscow, Physical Training and Sport Publ., 1988. 327 p.
3. Epishev V.V., Ryabina K.E., Isayev A.P., Erlikh V.V. [Postural Balance Among Athletes-Runners at Medium Distances]. Rossiyskiy zhurnal biomekhaniki [Russian Journal of Biomechanics], 2017, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 166–177. (in Russ.)
4. Isayev A.P., Erlikh V.V., Epishev V.V., Khusainova Yu.B. [Physiological, Biomechanical, Molecular-Cellular and Theoretical-Methodological Features of Designing Successful Sports Activities in Sports That Develop Endurance]. Teoriya i praktika fizicheskoy kul’tury [Theory and Practice of Physical Culture], 2015, no. 4, pp. 18–20. (in Russ.)
5. Abzalilov R.Y., Rybakov V.V., Isaev A.P., Erlikh V.V. Adaptation of Junior Orienteers to Loads, Developing Local-Regional and Special Muscular Endurance. Pedagogics, Psychology, Medical-Biological Problems of Physical Training and Sports, 2017, no. 21 (5), pp. 200–206. DOI: 10.15561/18189172.2017.0501
6. Mak-Somas A.Dzh. Skeletnyye myshtsy: monogr. [Skeletal Muscles. Monogr.]. Kiev, Olympic Literature Publ., 2001. 408 p.
7. Martirosov E.G., Nikolayev D.V., Rudnev S.G. Tekhnologii i metody opredeleniya sostava tela [Technologies and Methods for Determining Body Composition]. Moscow, Science Publ., 2006. 248 p.
8. Meyerson F.Z. Adaptatsionnaya meditsina: kontseptsiya dolgovremennoy adaptatsii: monografiya [Adaptive Medicine. The Concept of Long-Term Adaptation. Monograph]. Moscow, Case Publ., 1993. 138 p.
9. Pavlova V.I., Saraykin D.A., Terzi M.S., Kamskova Yu.G. [Influence of the Training Yearly Macrocycle on the Condition of the Peripheral Link of Erythron in Young Taekwondo]. Teoriya i praktika fizicheskoy kul’tury [Theory and Practice of Physical Culture], 2014, no. 8, pp. 49–52. (in Russ.)
10. Terzi M.S., Lekontsev E.V., Saraykin D.A., Pavlov V.I., Kamskova Yu.G. [Molecular-Genetic Determination of the Functional Efficiency of Martial Artists of Different Qualifications]. Teoriya i praktika fizicheskoy kul’tury [Theory and Practice of Physical Culture], 2016, no. 7, pp. 21–24. (in Russ.)
11. Claessens M., Claessens C., Claessens P. et al. Importance of Determining the Percentage Body Fat in Endurance-Trained Athletes. Indian Heart J, 2000, no. 52, pp. 307–314.
12. Garthe I., Raastad T., Sundgot-Borgen J. Effect of Weight Loss on Body Composition and Performance in Elite Athletes. Human Kinetics Journals, 2011, vol. 21 (5), pp. 426-435. DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.21.5.426
13. Kazemi M., Waalen J., Morgan Ch., White A.R. A Profile of Olympic Taekwondo Competitors. J Sports Sci Med, 2006, Jul; 5(CSSI), pp. 114–121.
14. Kenneth J.E., Stacey B.J., Chertow G.M. Bioelectrical Impedance Methods in Clinical Research: a Follow-Up to the NIH Technology Assessment Conference. Nutrition, 1999, no. 15, pp. 874–880.
15. Kotler D.P., Burastero S., Wang J., Pierson R.N. Prediction of Body Cell Mass, Fat-Free Mass, and Total Body Water with Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis: Effects of Race, Sex, and Disease. Am J Clin Nutr, 1996, no. 64, pp. 489–497. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/64.3.489S
16. Ozcakar L., Cetin A., Kunduracyo?lu B. et al. Comparative Body Fat Assessment in Elite Footballers. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 2003, no. 37, pp. 278–279. DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.37.3.278
17. Salci Yasar. The Metabolic Demands and Ability to Sustain Work Outputs During Kickboxing Competitions. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 2015, vol. 15 (1), pp. 39–52. DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868775
18. Salvatore C., Tessitore A., Cortis C. et al. Effects of Official Taekwondo Competitions on All-Out Performances of Elite Athletes. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 2011, vol. 25 (2), pp. 334–339. DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182027288
19. Shafer K.J., Siders W.A., Johnson L.K. et al. Validity of Segmental Multiple-Frequency Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis to Estimate Body Composition of Adults Across a Range of Body Mass Indexes. Nutrition, 2009, no. 25, pp. 25–32. DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2008.07.004
20. Sun G., French C.R., Glynn M.R. Comparison of Multifrequency Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis with Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry for Assessment of Percentage Body Fat in a Large, Healthy Population. Am J Clin Nutr, 2005, no. 81, pp. 4–8. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/81.1.74
21. Vardar S.A., Tezel S., Ozturk L. et al. The Relationship Between Body Composition and Anaerobic Performance of Elite Young Wrestlers. J Sports Sci Med, 2007, oct; 6(CSSI-2), pp. 34–38.
22. Yoon J. Physiological Profiles of Elite Senior Wrestlers. Sports Medicine, 2002, vol. 32 (4), pp. 225–233. DOI: 10.2165/00007256-200232040-00002
References on translit
1. Abramova T.F., Nikitina T.M., Kochetkova N.I. Morfologicheskiye kriterii – pokazateli prigodnosti, obshchey fizicheskoy podgotovlennosti i kontrolya tekushchey i dolgovremennoy adaptatsii k trenirovochnym nagruzkam: ucheb.-metod. posobiye [Morphological Criteria – Indicators of Fitness, General Physical Preparedness and Control of Current and Long-Term Adaptation to Training Loads]. Moscow, TVT Division Publ., 2010. 104 p.2. Verkhoshanskiy Yu.V. Osnovy spetsial’noy fizicheskoy podgotovki sportsmenov: monogr. [Fundamentals of Special Physical Training of Athletes]. Moscow, Physical Training and Sport Publ., 1988. 327 p.
3. Epishev V.V., Ryabina K.E., Isayev A.P., Erlikh V.V. [Postural Balance Among Athletes-Runners at Medium Distances]. Rossiyskiy zhurnal biomekhaniki [Russian Journal of Biomechanics], 2017, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 166–177. (in Russ.)
4. Isayev A.P., Erlikh V.V., Epishev V.V., Khusainova Yu.B. [Physiological, Biomechanical, Molecular-Cellular and Theoretical-Methodological Features of Designing Successful Sports Activities in Sports That Develop Endurance]. Teoriya i praktika fizicheskoy kul’tury [Theory and Practice of Physical Culture], 2015, no. 4, pp. 18–20. (in Russ.)
5. Abzalilov R.Y., Rybakov V.V., Isaev A.P., Erlikh V.V. Adaptation of Junior Orienteers to Loads, Developing Local-Regional and Special Muscular Endurance. Pedagogics, Psychology, Medical-Biological Problems of Physical Training and Sports, 2017, no. 21 (5), pp. 200–206. DOI: 10.15561/18189172.2017.0501
6. Mak-Somas A.Dzh. Skeletnyye myshtsy: monogr. [Skeletal Muscles. Monogr.]. Kiev, Olympic Literature Publ., 2001. 408 p.
7. Martirosov E.G., Nikolayev D.V., Rudnev S.G. Tekhnologii i metody opredeleniya sostava tela [Technologies and Methods for Determining Body Composition]. Moscow, Science Publ., 2006. 248 p.
8. Meyerson F.Z. Adaptatsionnaya meditsina: kontseptsiya dolgovremennoy adaptatsii: monografiya [Adaptive Medicine. The Concept of Long-Term Adaptation. Monograph]. Moscow, Case Publ., 1993. 138 p.
9. Pavlova V.I., Saraykin D.A., Terzi M.S., Kamskova Yu.G. [Influence of the Training Yearly Macrocycle on the Condition of the Peripheral Link of Erythron in Young Taekwondo]. Teoriya i praktika fizicheskoy kul’tury [Theory and Practice of Physical Culture], 2014, no. 8, pp. 49–52. (in Russ.)
10. Terzi M.S., Lekontsev E.V., Saraykin D.A., Pavlov V.I., Kamskova Yu.G. [Molecular-Genetic Determination of the Functional Efficiency of Martial Artists of Different Qualifications]. Teoriya i praktika fizicheskoy kul’tury [Theory and Practice of Physical Culture], 2016, no. 7, pp. 21–24. (in Russ.)
11. Claessens M., Claessens C., Claessens P. et al. Importance of Determining the Percentage Body Fat in Endurance-Trained Athletes. Indian Heart J, 2000, no. 52, pp. 307–314.
12. Garthe I., Raastad T., Sundgot-Borgen J. Effect of Weight Loss on Body Composition and Performance in Elite Athletes. Human Kinetics Journals, 2011, vol. 21 (5), pp. 426-435. DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.21.5.426
13. Kazemi M., Waalen J., Morgan Ch., White A.R. A Profile of Olympic Taekwondo Competitors. J Sports Sci Med, 2006, Jul; 5(CSSI), pp. 114–121.
14. Kenneth J.E., Stacey B.J., Chertow G.M. Bioelectrical Impedance Methods in Clinical Research: a Follow-Up to the NIH Technology Assessment Conference. Nutrition, 1999, no. 15, pp. 874–880.
15. Kotler D.P., Burastero S., Wang J., Pierson R.N. Prediction of Body Cell Mass, Fat-Free Mass, and Total Body Water with Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis: Effects of Race, Sex, and Disease. Am J Clin Nutr, 1996, no. 64, pp. 489–497. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/64.3.489S
16. Ozcakar L., Cetin A., Kunduracyo?lu B. et al. Comparative Body Fat Assessment in Elite Footballers. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 2003, no. 37, pp. 278–279. DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.37.3.278
17. Salci Yasar. The Metabolic Demands and Ability to Sustain Work Outputs During Kickboxing Competitions. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 2015, vol. 15 (1), pp. 39–52. DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868775
18. Salvatore C., Tessitore A., Cortis C. et al. Effects of Official Taekwondo Competitions on All-Out Performances of Elite Athletes. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 2011, vol. 25 (2), pp. 334–339. DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182027288
19. Shafer K.J., Siders W.A., Johnson L.K. et al. Validity of Segmental Multiple-Frequency Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis to Estimate Body Composition of Adults Across a Range of Body Mass Indexes. Nutrition, 2009, no. 25, pp. 25–32. DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2008.07.004
20. Sun G., French C.R., Glynn M.R. Comparison of Multifrequency Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis with Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry for Assessment of Percentage Body Fat in a Large, Healthy Population. Am J Clin Nutr, 2005, no. 81, pp. 4–8. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/81.1.74
21. Vardar S.A., Tezel S., Ozturk L. et al. The Relationship Between Body Composition and Anaerobic Performance of Elite Young Wrestlers. J Sports Sci Med, 2007, oct; 6(CSSI-2), pp. 34–38.
22. Yoon J. Physiological Profiles of Elite Senior Wrestlers. Sports Medicine, 2002, vol. 32 (4), pp. 225–233. DOI: 10.2165/00007256-200232040-00002
Published
2018-09-01
How to Cite
Saraykin, D., Khusnutdinova, A., Pavlova, V., Kamskova, Y., & Yushkov, B. (2018). ADAPTATION OF PROFESSIONAL ATHLETES TO VARIOUS PHYSICAL LOADS BY MEANS OF BODY COMPOSITION CHANGES. Human. Sport. Medicine, 18(3), 47-59. https://doi.org/10.14529/hsm180305
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Physiology
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